H 2017 Flashcards

Question

(25) The three C’s of a good staff report are: (A) Consistency, Compatibility, Comprehensive (B) Compliance, Consistency, Compatibility (C) Compliance, Consistency, Comprehensive (D) Comprehensive, Consistency, Compatibility

Answer 1

The correct answer is (B) Staff Report findings are typically related to the concepts of compliance, consistency, and compatibility, which are often the factors considered should the case be litigated: * Compliance. The report should identify which codes the application is subject to and, generally, how it complies. It should specify sections of the code with which the project does not comply and note whether there are any waivers, alternatives, or conditions to be considered. The report should relay how the application complies with environmental, utility, traffic, and other regulations in addition to zoning. * Consistency. The staff report should describe not only the land-use map classification but whether the proposed project is consistent with the goals and policies of the adopted plan. Consistency in applying codes is also important to assure equal protection. The report should identify prior decisions, if any, and indicate why this recommendation is similar (or why it is not). * Compatibility. This is probably the most subjective and debated of the parameters. The staff report should evaluate the project’s compatibility with adjacent properties. Is the use compatible with those around it? Is the height and scale of the building compatible with those adjacent? Are the site improvements (e.g., parking) and operational features (e.g., hours of operation) in character with the surrounding uses? SOURCE: APA’s PAS QuickNotes #30: Getting the Most out of Staff Reports (2011)

Answer 2

The correct answer is “B” Goals provide a long term result, or the long-term end toward which programs or activities are ultimately directed. Objectives are more specific, measurable statements of desired or intermediate ends that are achievable and mark progress toward a goal. Policies are courses of action that indicate how the goals and objectives of a plan should be realized. Measures are metrics used to assess progress toward meeting an objective, which can consist of an output or an outcome. Above, “A” is a goal. “B” is a policy, “C” is an Objective, and “D” is a measure.

Answer 3

The correct answer is “B“ EPA defines environmental justice (EJ) as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Other definitions include equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits; fair and meaningful participation in environmental decision-making; recognition of community ways of life, local knowledge, and cultural difference; and the capability of communities and individuals to function and flourish in society. Although its origins go back much earlier, in 1994, President Clinton issued Executive Order 12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations." Executive Order 12898 requires that achieving EJ must be part of each federal agency's mission and to identify and address the disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of their actions on minority and lowincome populations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-executive-order-12898-federal-actions-address-environmental-justice

Answer 4

The correct answer is A) A variance would be appropriate in this case, provided the hillside represented a severe topographic hardship, precluding the strict application of the ordinance.

Answer 5

The correct answer is “C” Created by the 1934 Housing Act, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) revolutionized home ownership by creating our current financial mortgaging system. In the process, it produced a lending structure which helped to solidify the racial segregation that still exists today. The Underwriting Handbook used by the FHA endorsed the practice of redlining, which marked African-American neighborhoods as ineligible for FHA mortgages. Redlining is the practice of refusing to back mortgages in neighborhoods based on racial and ethnic composition. The FHA’s strict lending standards, contained in the FHA Underwriting Handbook, determined which kinds of properties it would approve mortgages for. In addition to physical quality standards, the FHA based its decisions on the location, and racial and ethnic composition of the neighborhood where the property existed. For example, in 1934 the FHA Underwriting Handbook incorporated “residential security maps” into their standards to determine where to mortgages could or could not be issued. The implementation of this federal policy aggravated the decay of minority inner city neighborhoods caused by the withholding of mortgage capital, and made it even more difficult for neighborhoods to attract and retain families able to purchase homes. The assumptions in redlining resulted in a large increase in residential racial segregation and urban decay in the United States. http://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1934-FHA.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining#History

Answer 6

The correct answer is “A” Subdivision regulations control and record the process of subdividing land. A result of subdivision regulations is the preservation of land records by platting and mapping. Another result is that developers design and construct developments properly. They include: 1) land recordation, 2) local design and construction standards for improvements and lots, 3) dedication requirements in the form of land or cash-in-lieu, 4) use of developer's impact fees, 5) the institution of growth management controls. Source: "2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners", "Development Regulations" by Teresa Wilkinson, AICP, Gretna, LA, page 137.

Answer 7

The best answer is (A) Although the regional planning council may be able to provide “advice” on how to effectively accomplish a visioning process, it is often best to augment staff expertise through the hiring of expert consultants where detailed technical or subject matter knowledge on a specific planning process is required. Consultants are typically skilled at facilitating the extensive public outreach and involvement required in major planning projects. Outside experts can also bring credibility and a sense of objectivity to planning processes. SEE: APA’s PAS QuickNotes #37: Hiring a Consultant: RFQs and RFPs (2012)

Answer 8

The correct answer is “C” 2014-2015 CPC AICP Exam Study Manual, p. 161. http://books.google.com/books?id=zH6lslEBF0oC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=%22cost+revenue+a nalysis%22+%22fiscal+impact+analysis%22+difference&source=bl&ots=ETw4QrkEjZ&sig=035 qK3DjxAZbsCsypAT2XVTL6Hg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gStdVNmUOcKhgwT0wIEI&ved=0CCQQ6AE wAQ#v=onepage&q=%22cost%20revenue%20analysis%22%20%22fiscal%20impact%20analy sis%22%20difference&f=false

Answer 9

The correct answer is “C” Stein was a major proponent of the Garden City movement in the United States, and involved in the 1930’s development of the “Greenbelt towns” under the rural Resettlement Administration, including Greenbelt, Maryland, Greendale, Wisconsin and Greenhills, Ohio. Earlier in 1923, Stein and Henry Wright collaborated on the plan for Sunnyside Gardens, a neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens that took the garden city ideas of Sir Ebenezer Howard as a model. Also, in 1929, Stein and Wright collaborated with Kenneth Weinberger on the plan for the Radburn community in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, roughly double the area of Sunnyside. The vision for Radburn was of an integrated self-sustaining community, surrounded by greenbelts, specialized automotive thoroughfares (main linking roads, serviced lanes for direct access to buildings, and express highways), and a complete separation of auto and pedestrian traffic. These thoroughfares were called “superblocks”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Stein

Answer 10

The correct answer is (D) Communities regulate markets and street merchants through zoning and business licensing or through standards of behavior on public property in eight key areas: 1. Vending locations – e.g. sidewalk vending or street markets 2. Exemptions – e.g. obtaining waivers from neighboring businesses 3. Permit caps – e.g. vending permit caps 4. Vending area – e.g. brightline versus flexible locational standards 5. Space allocation – e.g. space allocation by governmental vs. designated authority 6. Restrictions on certain goods – e.g. food type restrictions (fruit/vegetable only) 7. Cart or display design – e.g. cart size, less often, cart appearance 8. Fees and taxes – e.g. license, permit costs (per sq. foot vs. flat fee) SOURCE: APA’s Public Markets; “Zoning Practice” (February 2009)

Answer 11

The correct answer is “A” Dolan, of a Plumbing & Electrical Supply store in the city of Tigard, Oregon, applied for a permit to expand the store and pave the parking lot of her store. The city planning commission granted conditional approval, dependent on Dolan dedicating land to a public greenway along an adjacent creek, and developing a pedestrian and bicycle pathway in order to relieve traffic congestion. The decision was appealed to the Oregon State Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA), alleging that the land dedication requirements were not related to the proposed development, and thus constituted an uncompensated taking of her property. The Supreme Court held that the requirement for a public greenway (as opposed to a private one, to which Dolan would retain other rights of property owners, such as the right of exclusive access), was excessive, and that the City failed to meet its burden of establishing that the proposed pathway was necessary to offset the increased traffic which would be caused by the proposed expansion (i.e. rough proportionality). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolan_v._City_of_Tigard

Answer 12

The correct answer is “D” According to the APA Code of Ethics the best thing to do in this situation is to decline the opportunity and say “no” to investing in this development. One of the main thoughts that the APA is trying to make very clear to planners is to stay out of potentially unfavorable situations that could be construed as being unethical. In answer A, you should remember that, as in this example, your husband’s financial interests are also your own. In answer B, your Director or boss should not give you permission to invest in this development. In answer C, your staff may recommend the development or show some sort of favoritism because they know that you are involved in its success or failure. Answer D, is the best on the four possible actions.

Answer 13

The correct answer is “B” The key objective of an economic development strategy is business development and job growth, which comes from the creation of new firms, the expansion of existing firms, and the attraction or retention of existing firms. Working to retain and expand your community’s existing businesses would generally prove most successful in economic development. The job creation efforts of an incubator can take more time to mature than those of a large existing employer, and new firms may only be replacing existing businesses. PAS 541 An Economic Development Toolbox: Strategies and Methods https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026868/

Answer 14

The correct answer is “B”. The general, multiple purposes of a good staff report: 1. To factually describe the issue 2. To objectively describe why the issue is before the board or commission 3. To anticipate and answer questions likely to be asked at the hearing 4. To provide a professional recommendation 5. To inform officials and stakeholders on the issues of compliance, consistency, and compatibility with adopted plans and applicable regulations 6. To build a public record and a legally defensible foundation—should litigation arise. SOURCE: APA’s PAS QuickNotes #30: Getting the Most out of Staff Reports (2011)

Answer 15

The correct answer is “C“ The home mortgage interest deduction allows taxpayers who own their homes to reduce their taxable income by the amount of interest paid on the loan which is secured by their principal residence. Approximately half of all homeowners (~ 75 million) use this deduction, and the standard justification for the deduction is that it gives an incentive for home ownership. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_mortgage_interest_deduction http://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/06/mortinttaxdeduct.asp http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700200108/Eliminating-the-mother-of-all-tax-deductions.html?pg=all

Answer 16

The correct answer is (C) Oregon was one of the first places in the U.S. to undergo a proliferation of community-based visioning, and the Oregon Model represents a comprehensive approach to visioning that has since gained widespread acceptance around the country. The model is framed by four simple questions: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where are we going? 3. Where do we want to be? 4. How do we get there? Some communities add a fifth step promoting action plan implementation (called the “New” Oregon Model): 5. Are we getting there? SOURCE: APA’s Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); p. 55

Answer 17

The correct answer is “C” Clinton’s Executive Order 12898 addressing Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations was issued in 1994. The order also directed each agency to develop a strategy for implementing environmental justice and established an Interagency Working Group (IWG) on environmental justice chaired by the EPA Administrator and comprised of the heads of 11 departments or agencies and several White House offices. All the answers address Executive Orders issued by President Clinton https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-executive-order-12898-federal-actions-addressenvironmental-justice

Answer 18

The best “transportation concept” answer is “C” Skinny Streets, road narrowing and horizontal narrowing are all terms for a traffic calming measure that require drivers to slow down for a moment to understand what is happening and thread themselves through a reduced width. Wide traffic lanes encourage faster motor vehicle speeds. The neighborhoods with narrow streets and on-street parking on both sides of the street don't really have more collisions than the wider streets where everyone has a four-car driveway. That's because of the greater attention required to navigate through the narrow street with the unpredictable parking pattern. http://www.useful-community-development.org/traffic-calming.html https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/univcourse/pdf/swless11.pdf

Answer 19

The correct answer is (C) This is a question about immediateness of action and order of action. In the military land-use compatibility context, a moratorium might likely be used to serve a valid public purpose (i.e. planning in progress) because it restricts development while local government prepares a permanent plan to address public safety and military readiness—both vital public interests. The planning could happen through either the airfield oriented Air Installation Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ) process, or a Joint Land Use Study (JLUS) involving the military base, local government, and the public. For example, a comprehensive plan’s land-use element might address the issue of compatible use by calling for implementation of the AICUZ study or JLUS, which might be codified through the adoption of a Military overlay addressing the height, noise, and accident potential zones contained in the base’s AICUZ study, and imposing specific landuse regulations in addition to a property’s underlying zoning designation. Finally, a local government might use amortization to provide a non-conforming use property owner a reasonable time to phase out nonconforming uses and structures that interfere with military operations, but once that time has expired, the nonconformity would have to be terminated. SOURCE: APA’s Compatibility: Land-Use Compatibility Near Military Bases: A Planner’s Perspective; “Zoning Practice” (May 2011)

Answer 20

The correct answer is “B” Giving commuters the choice between a parking subsidy or its cash equivalent shows even free parking has an opportunity cost—the forgone cash. The option to cash out thus raises the effective price of commuter parking without charging for it. The cash option converts employerpaid parking from a matching grant for driving to work into a cash grant for commuting. Commuters can continue to park free at work, but the cash option also rewards commuters who carpool, walk, bike, or ride public transit to work. California enacted a parking cash-out requirement in 1992. The law requires many employers to offer a parking cash-out program: “Parking cash-out program” means an employer-funded program, under which an employer offers to provide a cash allowance to an employee equivalent to the parking subsidy that the employer would otherwise pay to provide the employee with a parking space. . . . “Parking subsidy” means the difference between the out-of-pocket amount paid by an employer on a regular basis in order to secure the availability of an employee parking space not owned by the employer and the price, if any, charged to an employee for the use of that space. http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/Parking%20Cash%20Out%20Report.pdf https://www.arb.ca.gov/planning/tsaq/cashout/cashout.htm

Answer 21

The correct answer is “B” Adverse possession is a situation when a person who does not have legal title to land (or real property) occupies the land without the permission of the legal owner. The permission of the owner may be reflected in the entering into a lease or granting a licence, typically associated with the payment of some rent. The laws of many countries allow the adverse possessor (in law also called the disseisor) to acquire title to the land after a prescribed statutory period, which varies between jurisdictions, and depend on the type of land and other circumstances. The laws of most jurisdictions do not permit claims of adverse possession against public land. Squatting (aka Squatter’s Rights) is a form of adverse possession. The adverse possessor is usually required to prove non-permissive use which is actual, open and notorious, exclusive, adverse, and continuous for the statutory period. If a claim to title by adverse possession is successful, title is acquired without compensation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_possession

Answer 22

The correct answer is C) Aristotle was a critic of Hippodamus’ idea of straight streets and a gridded layout. He argued that, while a town planned in a grid is certainly more visually appealing than a haphazardly planned urban area, the latter is better for deterring invaders. If a city is infiltrated, the trespassers would easily be able to navigate through the streets if they are planned out in an orderly way. However, poorly planned streets are much easier to get lost in, and intruders not familiar with the city would be at a loss in such a place. Basically, orderly planning is good for beauty, haphazard planning (or lack thereof) is better for security. See: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/CityPlan.htm http://www.academia.edu/4378826/Centenary_Paper_Plan_and_constitution_Aristotle_s _Hippodamus_towards_an_ostensive_definition_of_spatial_planning_2009 From: https://desktopexplorer.wordpress.com/tag/hippodamus-of-miletus/

Answer 23

The best answer is “B” Planning Directors hired by a Council, Commission or Mayor typically report directly to the Council, Commission or Mayor hiring them, and serve “at will”.

Answer 24

The correct answer is “C” Easements by prescription, also called prescriptive easements, are implied easements granted after the dominant estate has used the property in a hostile, continuous and open manner for a statutorily prescribed number of years (e.g. school children cutting across my backyard for 20 years). Prescriptive easements differ from adverse possession by not requiring exclusivity. Laws and regulations vary among local and national governments, but some traits are common to most prescription laws: * open and notorious (i.e. obvious to anyone) * actual, continuous (i.e., uninterrupted for the entire required time period); this does not necessarily require use daily, weekly, etc. * adverse to the rights of the true property owner * hostile (i.e. in opposition to the claim of another; this can be accidental, not "hostile" in the common sense) * continuous for a period of time defined by statute or appellate case law Answer “A” is easement by necessity; “B” is adverse possession; “D” is a conservation easement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement#Express_easement https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_easement

Answer 25

The correct answer is C) While state governments have the right and responsibility to regulate and/or protect the health, safety, and welfare of all persons within its borders, there is one important exception: Indian affairs. The regulation and management of Tribal property is delegated to Congress by the United States Constitution, article I, section 8. No state (or local) government can exert regulatory jurisdiction without consent by the Tribe. Interesting land use problems arise where the state or abutting local government seeks to protect natural resource systems that lie within Tribal property, or vice-versa. As the Tribe has no jurisdiction over lands outside their Reservation properties, seemingly endless land use conflicts can arise, particularly with respect to wetlands, groundwater, and surface water management

Answer 26

The correct answer is (A) The Telecommunications Act does not preempt ALL state or local regulation of cell towers, but only preempts the regulation of the “environmental effects of radio frequency emissions”. The Act requires that decisions be based on “substantial evidence” supporting a municipality’s cell tower zoning decisions, and does not “require” expert testimony. SOURCE: APA’s Telecommunications: Federal Cell Tower Zoning - Key Points and Practical Suggestions; “Zoning Practice” (August 2011)

Answer 27

The correct answer is “C” Complete Streets is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated, and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation. APA Planning Advisory Service (PAS) Report 559: Complete Streets: Best Policy and Implementation Practices (March 2010). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_streets https://www.planning.org/media/document/9006906/ https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026883/

Answer 28

The correct answer is “C” Economic base analysis is the study of cities and regions which focuses on basic service (export) ratios, the ratio of employment in basic activities to employment in non-basic activities which utilizes economic multipliers. Basic industries are defined as local or regional industries with an industry employment / total employment ratio higher than the national ratio for the industry (note: this can include industries such as “Finance, insurance, and real estate”). Non basic industries have a lower industry employment total employment ratio than the nation. Varies with the size of community: the larger the community, the larger the multiplier (more places to spend money). Service economies can export knowledge/service. Once basic employment is identified, the outlook for future basic employment is investigated sector by sector and future projections are made sector by sector. In turn, this permits the projection of future total employment in the region. For example: If there is one export job which creates three total jobs in the community, then a multiplier of three says that for every export job created, a total of three jobs are created. This would be an economic base multiplier of 1:3. Helps to show areas of specialization within a community. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_base_analysis 2014-2015 CPC AICP Exam Study Guide, Quantitative Methods, p. 161. APA’s Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); pp. 507-508.

Answer 29

The correct answer is “C” A census block is the smallest geographic unit used by the United States Census Bureau for tabulation of 100-percent data (data collected from all houses, rather than a sample of houses). Census blocks are grouped into block groups, which are grouped into census tracts. There are on average about 39 blocks per block group. Blocks are typically bounded by streets, roads or creeks. In cities, a census block may correspond to a city block, but in rural areas where there are fewer roads, blocks may be limited by other features. The population of a census block varies greatly from zero to hundreds, but has an average size of about 100 people. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_block

Answer 30

The correct answer is “B” In HADACHECK v. SEBASTIAN (1915), the court first approved regulating the location of land uses. City of Los Angeles passed an ordinance barring brick manufacturing within the residential section of city. The Petitioner, Hadacheck, owned land that was annexed into the city and which contained valuable clay deposits. After erecting expensive machinery for the manufacture of bricks of fine quality which were being used for building purposes in and about the City, he was convicted of a misdemeanor violation of the ordinance prohibiting the establishment or operation of a brick kiln within the City Limits. The court ruled that under the police power, a state may validly declare a particular business to be a nuisance under the facts and circumstances (i.e. brickmaking within a designated area), as it relates to public health. Supreme Court Justice McKenna, writing for a unanimous court, upheld that the ordinance was a legitimate use of the police power. He analogized this case to an earlier one, Reinman v. Little Rock, 237 U.S. 171 (1915), which dealt with a similar ordinance banning livery stables. Reinman was distinguishable on the grounds that a livery stable could be moved and operated anywhere, while bricks can only be manufactured where suitable clay is found. Hadacheck contended that the removal of clay from his land was not physically impossible, but was prohibitively expensive. The Court held that even though relocating the brick factory would be costly, the ordinance did not amount to a complete denial of the use of Hadacheck's property, because the ordinance did not completely deny Hadacheck the use of the clay on his land. In WELCH v. SWASEY (1909), the court first approved building height controls. In EUBANK v. CITY OF RICHMOND (1912), the court first approved setback regulations, although it overturned the particular setback scheme in this case. In VILLAGE OF EUCLID v. AMBLER REALTY CO. (1926), the Court stated that modern zoning is a proper use of the police power. In doing so, the court brought together all the other cases mentioned in this question. Alfred Bettman filed a brief with the court that largely changed its mind over Euclid. 2014-2015 CPC AICP Exam Study Manual, p. 62. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadacheck_v._Sebastian https://www.txplanning.org/media/files/page/Planning_Case_Law.pdf

Answer 31

The correct answer is “A“ Fishbowls involve a small group of people (usually 5-8) seated in circle, having a conversation in full view of a larger group of listeners. Fishbowl processes provide a creative way to include the “public” in a small group discussion. They can be used in a wide variety of settings, including workshops, conferences, organizational meetings and public assemblies. Fishbowls are useful for ventilating “hot topics” or sharing ideas or information from a variety of perspectives. When the people in the middle are public officials or other decision-makers, this technique can help bring transparency to the decision-making process and increase trust and understanding about complex issues. In an open fishbowl, any member of the audience can, at any time, occupy the empty chair and join the fishbowl. When this happens, an existing member of the fishbowl must voluntarily leave the fishbowl and free a chair. The discussion continues with participants frequently entering and leaving the fishbowl. http://www.kstoolkit.org/Fish+Bowl https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishbowl_(conversation) 2014-2015 Chapter President’s Council AICP Exam Prep Guide, p. 122

Answer 32

The correct answer is “B” The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement first gained ground in 1893 with the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Daniel H. Burnham headed the construction of the fair’s temporary city, known to those who attended as the “White City,” a semi-utopia in which visitors were meant to be shielded from poverty and crime. Burnham’s plans for the site incorporated the designs of architects trained at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, who paired the balance and harmony of Neoclassical and Baroque architecture with the aesthetic of Chicago’s buildings and cityscape. City Beautiful was characterized by the belief that if you improved form, function would follow. In other words, an attractive city would perform better than an unattractive one. Beauty came from what Burnham called "municipal art" -- magnificent parks, elaborately designed civic buildings, wide boulevards, and public gathering places adorned with fountains and monuments. An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social order through beautification was the McMillan Plan, (1902) named for Michigan Senator James McMillan. The plan emerged from the Senate Park Commission's redesigning of the monumental core of Washington, D.C. to commemorate the city's centennial and to fulfill unrealized aspects of the city plan of Pierre Charles L'Enfant a century earlier. The Washington planners, who included Burnham, Saint-Gaudens, Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White, and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., visited many of the great cities of Europe. They hoped to make Washington monumental and green like the European capitals of the era; they believed that state-organized beautification could lend legitimacy to government during a time of social disturbance in the United States. The essence of the plan surrounded the United States Capitol with monumental government buildings to replace "notorious slum communities". At the heart of the design was the creation of the National Mall and eventually included Burnham's Union Station. https://www.britannica.com/topic/City-Beautiful-movement https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/61.html http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/urban-planning1.htm

Answer 33

The correct answer is “C”. Federal legislation passed in the early 1970s required the formation of a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for any urbanized area (UA) with a population greater than 50,000. MPOs were created in order to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transportation projects and programs were based on a continuing, cooperative and comprehensive (3-C) planning process. Federal funding for transportation projects and programs is channeled through the MPO. MPOs in air quality nonattainment and maintenance areas are required to ensure that emissions from transportation investments will not cause new violations or affect an area's schedule to attain the air quality standards. The Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1990 identifies the actions states and MPOs must take to reduce emissions from on-road mobile sources in nonattainment and maintenance areas. http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/briefingbook/bbook.htm#4BB http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_planning_organization http://www.h-gac.com/taq/airquality/faq/

Answer 34

The correct answer is C) Introduced in 1993, the Empowerment Zone (EZ), Enterprise Community (EC), and Renewal Community (RC) Initiatives sought to reduce unemployment and generate economic growth through the designation of Federal tax incentives and award of grants to distressed communities. The monies for the first round of Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities have been criticized for undertaking more community development activities in areas such as education, housing, and infrastructure than they did economic opportunity activities such as job training and assistance to businesses. http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/economicdevelopment/programs/rc http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06727.pdf

Answer 35

The correct answer is “D”. Universal design refers to broad-spectrum ideas meant to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible to both people without disabilities and people with disabilities. The term "Universal design" was coined by the architect Ronald L. Mace to describe the concept of designing all products and the built environment to be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by everyone, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life. Universal Design involves making our homes and cities accessible to all people. Source: APA Planning Magazine April 2002, "What Difference has the ADA Made?" by Terry S. Szold, page 12.

Answer 36

The correct answer is “D” The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning also is used to prevent new development from interfering with (or being a nuisance to) existing uses and/or to preserve the "character" of a community, especially residential property values. The introduction of zoning in the early 1900s launched a revolution in American land use regulation and planning. Beginning with height regulations in Washington, D.C., in 1899, efforts to control the type and intensity of land use spread to many cities. In 1908, Los Angeles adopted the nation's first use of a zoning ordinance to protect its expanding residential areas from industrial nuisances. Over the next two decades, state legislatures nation wide granted to cities the power "to regulate the height, area, location, and use of buildings in any designated part or parts of their corporation limits." The U.S. Supreme Court's sanction of this exercise of a city's police power over land use came first in Hadacheck v. Sebastian (1915), which involved the Los Angeles ordinance, and culminated in the definitive Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Corporation case in 1926. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning https://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Papers/WAF-zoning%20ELEpdf.pdf https://www.asu.edu/courses/aph294/total-readings/silver%20--%20racialoriginsofzoning.pdf

Answer 37

The correct answer is “C” Nebraska’s Republican George Norris, the man many consider history’s “greatest United States senator,” served in the Senate for 30 years, and throughout the New Deal era, he regularly collaborated with President Franklin Roosevelt. His greatest legislative monument was passage of the Tennessee Valley Authority charter, to establish a federally owned corporation to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression, but which did not include Nebraska. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/George_Norris.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Norris#Senator

Answer 38

The correct answer is “A” The Mugler v. Kansas (1887) Supreme Court decision held that a state’s legislation prohibiting the manufacture of intoxicating liquor within its jurisdiction does not infringe on any right or privilege secured by the Constitution of the United States, including the 14th amendment, was not a taking, and found that the authority for the statute strictly relied upon Kansas's police power. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugler_v._Kansas http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1887/1887_0

Answer 39

The correct answer is “A” In community building, the third place (or third space) is the social surroundings separate from the two usual social environments of home ("first place") and the office ("second place"). Examples of third places would be environments such as cafes, clubs, public libraries, or parks. In his influential book The Great Good Place, Ray Oldenburg argues that third places are important for civil society, democracy, civic engagement, and establishing feelings of a sense of place, and have the following hallmarks: * Free or inexpensive * Food and drink, while not essential, are important * Highly accessible: proximate for many (walking distance) * Involve regulars – those who habitually congregate there * Welcoming and comfortable * Both new friends and old should be found there https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_place https://www.planetizen.com/node/90616/third-space-first

Answer 40

The correct answer is (D) In 1929, Clarence Perry developed the neighborhood unit plan in response to the advent of the automobile and was also an attempt to identify the local community as a separate entity with its own qualities and needs. The neighborhood unit was to be distinct enclave, separate from the rest of the city. Perry's idea was to create homogeneous "superblocks" separating vehicular and pedestrian traffic; providing ample open space; and developing community life around the neighborhood school. Perry's concept was the basis for the development of the widely acclaimed plan for Radburn, New Jersey, which incorporated Perry's concepts - the superblock, interior park, higher density clustering near the parkland, and hierarchial traffic separation. Le Corbusier's "The Radiant City" (1935) envisioned a city laid out in a near perfect grid of superblocks, which became the basis for much of the public housing projects later built in the United States

Answer 41

The correct answer is (B) Right-to-farm laws are designed to accomplish one or both of the following objectives: (1) to strengthen the legal position of farmers when neighbors sue them for private nuisance; and (2) to protect farmers from anti-nuisance ordinances and unreasonable controls on farming operations. In most states, “coming to the nuisance” does not necessarily prevent farm neighbors from winning in court, but a farmer usually has a stronger legal case if his or her operation was there before the plaintiff moved to the area. Right-to-farm laws give farmers a legal defense against nuisance suits; the strength of that defense depends on the provisions of the law and the circumstances of the case. http://www.farmland.org/programs/states/wa/documents/APPENDIXI-Righttofarmlaws.pdf

Answer 42

The correct answer is “A” Satisficing is a method for making a choice from a set of alternatives encountered sequentially when one does not know much about the possibilities ahead of time. In such instances, there may be no optimal solution for when to stop searching for further alternatives. Satisficing takes the shortcut of setting an adjustable aspiration level and ending the search for alternatives as soon as one is encountered that exceeds the aspiration level. Source: www.argospress.com

Answer 43

The correct answer is A) All three cities were built on rivers. St. Louis on the Mississippi River, Pittsburgh on the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, and Louisville on the Ohio River.

Answer 44

The correct answer is “C” Upon reading the introduced bill, if no objection heard, the bill is considered read twice, and Is referred to the appropriate committee. Bills may be referred to more than one committee and it may be split so that parts are sent to different committees. Once passed in one house of Congress, the bill is sent to the other house for consideration. If the other house passes a different version of the bill, the bill may be subject to a conference committee to develop a compromise before going back to both houses for a vote. https://votesmart.org/education/how-a-bill-becomes-law#.WdL-hjCQzIU https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/legprocessflowchart.pdf

Answer 45

The correct answer is D) Although automobiles, on average, are shorter than they were 10 and 20 years ago, the typical length for planning purposes remains approximately 17-18 feet, thanks in part to trucks, vans and SUVs. Generally, the maximum length for planning purposes is 19 feet. http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/chapters/parkinglotdesign/theoryandconcepts /parkingstalllayoutconsiderations.htm http://www.uh.edu/facilities-services/departments/fpc/design-guidelines/09_parking.pdf

Answer 46

The correct answer is B) FROM: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_service Level-of-Service E describes operations at capacity. Flow becomes irregular and speed varies rapidly because there are virtually no usable gaps to maneuver in the traffic stream and speeds rarely reach the posted limit. Vehicle spacing is about 6 car lengths, however speeds are still at or above 50 mi/h(80 km/h). Any disruption to traffic flow, such as merging ramp traffic or lane changes, will create a shock wave affecting traffic upstream. Any incident will create serious delays. Driver's level of comfort become poor. LOS E is a common standard in larger urban areas, where some roadway congestion is inevitable. The Highway Capacity Manual and AASHTO Geometric Design of Highways and Streets ("Green Book") list the following levels of service: A= Free flow B=Reasonably free flow C=Stable flow D=Approaching unstable flow E=Unstable flow F=Forced or breakdown flow

Answer 47

The correct answer is “D“ “Facilitation” is the use of a neutral third party to help multi-party groups accomplish the content of their work by providing process leadership and expertise. “Mediation” is the use of a neutral third person to help parties reach a voluntary resolution of a dispute. It is informal, confidential, and flexible, focusing on interests rather than positions, and on practical and legal choices. “Arbitration” is an alternative to litigation in which an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators listen to the positions of the disputing parties in a relatively informal proceeding and then issue a decision on how the situation should be resolved. All methods have in common the need for an unbiased and objective nature https://www.isixsigma.com/operations/human-resources/dispute-resolution-facilitatorsmediators-arbitrators/ http://landforgood.org/resources/faqs/difference-facilitation-mediation-arbitration/

Answer 48

The correct answer is “B” The term "Smart City" has been around since the 1990s, and while definitions and applications vary, common elements among them are that Smart Cities use information and technology (internet of things) to engage citizens, deliver city services, and enhance urban systems. The use of Smart City technologies results in cost efficiencies, resilient infrastructure, and an improved urban experience. https://www.planning.org/ontheradar/smartcities/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city https://www.planetizen.com/node/89917/smart-cities-high-costs-high-potential

Answer 49

The correct answer is “C” Congestion pricing is the practice of charging motorists more to use a roadway, bridge or tunnel during periods of the heaviest use. Its purpose is to reduce automobile use during periods of peak congestion, thereby easing traffic and encouraging commuters to walk, bike or take mass transit as an alternative. https://www.planning.org/planning/2008/may/congestion.htm http://transalt.org/issues/congestion

Answer 50

The correct answer is “A” Any AICP member with a question about whether specific conduct conforms to the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct may seek a formal opinion from the Ethics Committee. Any such member should send a detailed description of the relevant facts and a clear statement of the question to the Ethics Officer. https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 51

The correct answer is C) Ian McHarg set the standard for modern landscape architecture and planning with a design approach that made natural forms and processes paramount in the design process. Formerly, much landscape design and planning had occurred without regard to nature's inherent wisdom, instead introducing foreign manmade forms on the land without regard to natural context. Mr. McHarg employed a thorough inventory of existing conditions and program elements and a layering system which facilitated easier analysis and manipulation of these various layers of information. The design goal was intended to be holistic and in harmony with the land's natural forms and processes.

Answer 52

The correct answer is B) This discussion must be held in a public meeting.

Answer 53

The correct answer is A) FAR (floor area ratio) = building floor area sf / parcel sf. The 3-story building has a total of 30,000 square feet. The overall 1.4 acre site contains 60,984 square feet (1.4 acres x 43,560 sf/acre = 60,984 sf). For this site, the FAR is equivalent to 30,000 sf / 60,984 sf = 0.492 or approximately 0.5.

Answer 54

The correct answer is “D” One of the advantages of the Nominal Group Technique is that it balances the influence of individuals by limiting the power of opinion makers (particularly advantageous for use where peer leaders may have an exaggerated effect over group decisions, or in meetings of collaboratives, where established leaders tend to dominate the discussion). The nominal group technique is particularly useful: * When some group members are much more vocal than others. * When some group members think better in silence. * When there is concern about some members not participating. * When the group does not easily generate quantities of ideas. * When all or some group members are new to the team. * When the issue is controversial or there is heated conflict. * When there is a power-imbalance between facilitator and participants or participants: the structure of the NGT session can balance these out. * When stakeholders like a(/some) quantitative output of the process. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief7.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_group_technique http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Portals/70/docs/iwrreports/82-R-1.pdf

Answer 55

The correct answer is “D” A building moratorium is appropriate to temporarily stop construction within a watershed while government is acquiring land, as long as it’s for a reasonable timeframe (e.g. less than 32 months). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoe-Sierra_Preservation_Council,_Inc._v._Tahoe_Regional_Planning_Agency

Answer 56

The correct answer is “C” Also known as "effects-based planning", performance zoning uses performance-based or goaloriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects. It is land use regulation based upon the application of specific performance standards. Performance zoning is intended to provide flexibility, rationality, transparency and accountability, avoiding the arbitrariness of the Euclidean approach and better accommodating market principles and private property rights with environmental protection. It is not widely used in the U.S. (A) is single-use “Euclidean” zoning; (B) is “incentive” zoning; (D) is a form based code. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning#Zoning_types_in_the_United_States http://www-pam.usc.edu/volume1/v1i1a4s4.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning#Types_of_Zoning

Answer 57

The correct answer is “”C” Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city and the epitome of the newly born suburbia, shaped through Wright's particular vision. Each U.S. family would be given a one acre plot of land from the federal lands reserves, there would be a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City, but the apartment dwellers are expected to be a small minority. All important transport is to be done by automobile and the pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one acre plots where most of the population dwells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadacre_City https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/broadacre-city-frank-lloyd-wrights-unbuilt-suburban-ut1509433082

Answer 58

The correct answer is “B” The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from, and mitigating against disaster. It started with the Congressional Act of 1803. This act is considered the first piece of disaster legislation, and began by providing assistance to a New Hampshire town following an extensive fire. In the century that followed, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times in response to hurricanes, earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters. Source: http://www.fema.gov

Answer 59

The correct answer is B) Clarence Perry lived in Forest Hills Gardens in Queens, NY and published an essay on the concept of the neighborhood unit in 1929. Forest Hill Gardens, developed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. in 1911, inspired the neighborhood unit concept. Perry defined a neighborhood as a self-contained area within a 5-minute walking radius, bounded by major streets with shops at the intersections and a school in the middle. Kevin Lynch wrote Image of the City in 1960. Ian McHarg wrote Design with Nature in 1969. Lewis Mumford wrote Culture of Cities in 1938. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_unit

Answer 60

The correct answer is “A” There are generally three types of categories allowed in permitted land uses: 1) Principle uses, these are uses that are allowed by right; 2) Accessory uses, these are land uses that are permitted only if they are incidental to the principle use; 3) Special uses, these are land uses allowed only by a special review. Source: "2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners", page 131.

Answer 61

The correct answer is “B” Short-term, community-based projects—from pop-up parks to open streets initiatives—have become a powerful and adaptable new tool of urban activists, planners, and policy-makers seeking to drive lasting improvements in their cities and beyond. These quick, often low-cost, and creative projects are the essence of the Tactical Urbanism movement. From provisional Roman military encampments, to les bouquinistes illegally selling books along the banks of the Seine in sixteenth-century Paris, to the temporary White City of the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, the hallmarks of Tactical Urbanism have been inscribed in city-building patterns throughout history. The layout of the Chicago White City was, in large part, designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted and Charles B. Atwood. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought a city should be. It was designed to follow Beaux Arts principles of design, namely French neoclassical architecture principles based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. The exposition covered more than 600 acres (2.4 km2), featuring over 200 new (but purposely temporary) buildings of predominantly neoclassical architecture, canals and lagoons, and people and cultures from 46 countries. Almost all of the fair's structures were designed to be temporary; of the more than 200 buildings erected for the fair, the only two which still stand in place are the Palace of Fine Arts and the World's Congress Auxiliary Building. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_urbanism https://ggwash.org/view/37884/woonerfs-were-tactical-urbanism-before-there-was-tacticalurbanism https://islandpress.org/book/tactical-urbanism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnham#World.27s_Columbian_Exposition

Answer 62

The correct answer is “B” Landscape urbanism is a theory of urban planning arguing that the best way to organize cities is through the design of the city's landscape, rather than the design of its buildings. The phrase 'landscape urbanism' first appeared in the mid-1990s. Since this time, the phrase 'landscape urbanism' has taken on many different uses, but is most often cited as a postmodernist or postpostmodernist response to the "failings" of New Urbanism and the shift away from the comprehensive visions, and demands, for modern architecture and urban planning. One opponent to Landscape Urbanism is New Urbanism, led by Andres Duany, which promotes walkable communities and smart growth with its Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND). In response to landscape urbanism’s focus on expansive green space in urban development, Duany stated that “density and urbanism are not the same.” Further, “unless there is tremendous density, human beings will not walk.” The result is patches of green sprawl that lose connectivity to the greater network. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanism

Answer 63

The correct is “B” Once development rights have been purchased, the land is likely to stay in agricultural use indefinitely

Answer 64

The correct answer is “D”

Answer 65

The correct answer is “D” A food desert is a geographic area where affordable & healthy food is difficult to obtain, particularly for those without access to an automobile. Food deserts often exist in rural areas and low-income, poor neighborhoods populated by ethnic or racial minorities that lack convenient access to affordable, healthful food. http://www.planning.org/planning/2009/aug/whenaccess.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert

Answer 66

The correct answer is (B) Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that capture the public imagination. Some examples include Le Corbusier's “Contemporary City”; Ebenezer Howard's “Garden City”; Daniel Burnham's “White City”; and Frank Lloyd Wright's “Broadacre City”. Each of these "visionary" plans has as its underlying purpose the improvement of mankind's urban experience through extensive changes in conventional methods.

Answer 67

The correct answer is C) The first thing to do might be to carefully review the data and procedures used in the analysis for accuracy and completeness (Ethical Principle 1). You should document everything during this entire process such as the date and nature of your supervisor’s request and the sources of data used to draw the conclusion that the consultant’s price is too high. Then write your report and submit it to your supervisor.

Answer 68

The correct answer is B) The City Humane Movement developed as a result of the Depression of the 1930s. It concentrated on social and economic issues and ways of alleviating the problems of unemployment, poverty, and urban plight. From: http://www.cityofbenson.com/vertical/sites/%7BF59197D1-30ED-49AE-8751- 2EBA89C105BA%7D/uploads/pzhandbook_email.pdf http://www.csun.edu/~schoi/urbs310_planninghistory_wk6.pdf

Answer 69

The correct answer is “C” The concentric zone model, also known as the Burgess model is one of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. Based on human ecology theory done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas. This concentric ring model depicts urban land usage in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land uses. The zones identified are: 1. The center was the central business district, 2. The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the zone of transition 3. Working class residential homes 4. Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs) or zone of better housing 5. Commuters zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_zone_model

Answer 70

The correct answer is “B” This is a “Citizens” Steering Committee, with the Director appointed to represent the City as its “sole staff person on the committee”. The Director should not take over its leadership, direct its discussion topics, nor fail to staff the committee.

Answer 71

The correct answer is “C” Telecommuting to work creates a great potential to save energy. The three major areas where energy can be conserved are vehicle-related materials and resources (e.g., fuel and vehicle maintenance); highway-related materials and resources (e.g., maintenance); and office-related materials and resources (e.g., janitorial services, power, water, and climate control). Organizations with a large number of telecommuters have actually reduced their office space requirements, and consequently, their rents, by setting a policy for telecommuting employees to share desks and other resources at company facilities. A recent study found that less than 4% of the American workforce works from home, although 40% of the workforce have jobs that would allow them to telecommute. If only 26 million employees and self-employed people worked from home at least one day each month, this could reduce Gulf oil imports by 24% and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 33 million metric tons each year. http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_000051.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_000051 http://www.tennessee.gov/tacir/PDF_FILES/Other_Issues/telecommuting.pdf

Answer 72

The correct answer is “C” Seaside remains a remarkable and influential achievement two decades after its founding. In many ways Seaside, Florida, is antithetical to what many would consider to be the ideal new urbanist icon of a walkable community. However, it was a “greenfield” project, far from any metropolitan area or urban growth boundary, with no connection to transit, its landowners consist almost entirely of the well-to-do, and it is a resort with only a tiny year-round population. The vision sprang from developer Robert Davis and architects Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, surely one of the most fortunate collaborations in modern planning. Seaside articulated the ideas of urban and architectural codes that have become so important to many practitioners of the New Urbanism (pedestrian scale, compact, mix of uses). As greenfield development, it did not comply with the Smart Growth principles. https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/seaside-twenty

Answer 73

The answer is (B) Harvey Molotch's 1976 classic paper "The City as a Growth Machine" took the dominant convention of studying urban land use and turned it on its head. Molotch’s great insight was to understand that land parcels are not empty fields awaiting human action, but are associated with specific interests: commercial, sentimental, and psychological; and that especially important in the shaping of cities were the real estate interests of those whose properties gain value when growth takes place. These actors make up what Molotch termed "the local growth machine" -- a term now standard in the urban studies lexicon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Molotch#The_City_as_a_Growth_Machine

Answer 74

The correct answer is “A“

Answer 75

The correct answer is “D” A pocket park is a small park accessible to the general public, often created on a single vacant building lot or on small, irregular pieces of land. Pocket parks can be urban, suburban or rural, and can be on public or private land. Although they are too small for physical activities, pocket parks provide greenery, a place to sit outdoors, and sometimes a children's playground. They may be created around a monument, historic marker or art project. Parklets are miniature parks, effectively sited on underused public pavement such as parking spaces and serving as an extension of the sidewalk to provide amenities and green space for people using the street. The basic parklet is a platform with benches, chairs, and planters. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_park http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parklet

Answer 76

The correct answer is “C” Advocacy Planning has an assumption that there is no common, overall, or identified public interest to be served. But instead the planner serves a variety of groups with often diverse and opposing interests and goals. A planner should serve a given group (client) and do so openly. “Fishbowl Planning” is a type of public participation technique that allows citizens to address themselves to proposals through workshop formats; an “Alinsky Organization” typically has a paid organizer, but not necessarily a planner, involved in citizen organizing with a basic philosophy that power is the basis for successfully negotiating for economic and political gains; the “Ladder of Citizen Participation”, developed by Sherry Arnstein, defines citizen participation in terms of the amount of control citizens have over policy decisions. Source: "2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners" Published by Chapter Presidents’ Council American Planning Association, "Citizen Participation in Planning" by Terry Langlois, AICP, Memphis TN, page 124. Fishbowl planning - http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/effective-engagement/toolkit/tool-fishbowl Alinsky Organization - http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/findingaids/MSIAF_71

Answer 77

The correct answer is (D) The typical components of a form-based code include: 1. Building Form Standards: Building form standards are form-based zone standards that replace the existing zone standards. They are the core component of an FBC and typically regulate the configuration, features, and functions (uses) for buildings that define and shape the public realm. To be the most effective, their content should be generated primarily by community character documentation as opposed to the preexisting zone standards for each area. 2. Regulating Plan: A regulating plan is the map assigning the code’s various standards to physical locations, including the form-based zone standards. It replaces the zoning map in a form-based code. In a citywide form-based code it is the same as the zoning map and will have form-based and non-form-based zones on it. It is usually applied in a more fine-grained manner than a zoning map, taking existing and intended form into account. 3. Frontage Type Standards: Frontage type standards regulate the appropriate transition from the private realm to the public realm. The ultimate intent of frontage standards is to ensure, after a building is located correctly, that its interface with the public realm and the transition between the two are detailed appropriately. 4. Public Space Standards: Public space standards are specifications for the elements within the public realm, including thoroughfares and civic spaces. Thoroughfare standards incorporate detailed requirements for sidewalk, parking lane, and travel lane widths and street tree locations. Civic space standards regulate parameters, such as maximum and minimum size, and introduce a range of nonsuburban civic space types into a city or town. 5. Building Type Standards: Many FBCs include building type standards that are supplemental to the building form standards. They introduce an appropriate range of building types that are allowed within each form-based zone and regulate form characteristics specific to each type. To be effectively regulated, especially when applied at a larger scale, building type standards should be tied back directly to zone standards. A common misconception is that form-based codes do not regulate land use. While form-based coding uses form rather than use for its framework or organizing principle, form-based codes are not silent on use and do include use tables. The use regulations simply become tertiary to the form standards instead of being the primary regulation, and they are simplified and vetted by the code writer so as not to compromise the intent of the form-based code. FROM: APA’s Form-Based Zoning; “Zoning Practice” 2013(5); pp. 3-4

Answer 78

The correct answer is “D“ Through the land use regulatory technique known as "incentive zoning" or "bonus zoning," cities may grant private real estate developers the right to alternatives to strict zoning restrictions (for example, those relating to height, bulk or density regulation) in return for voluntary agreements to provide specified urban design features, such as plazas, atriums, parks, social facilities, or to provide publicly desired development, such as affordable housing or historic preservation. For Floor Area Ratios (FAR), the bonuses are typically provided in addition to the maximum base FAR (even where for additional residential development). http://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/zoning/glossary.page#incentive_zoning https://chicagocode.org/17-4-1000/ https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=2- 8+Zoning+and+Land+Use+Controls+8.syn&srctype=smi&srcid=2BD1&key=c55118d7511310714644b95eac078240

Answer 79

The correct answer is “C” Bias is the systematic error resulting in deviation in estimates of population parameters caused by faulty design and/or deficient execution of sampling process. The bias is not a result of sample size and hence increasing the sample size will not reduce bias in estimates. The two broad types of bias include Measurement Bias (i.e. errors occurring during real time sampling) and Non-representative sampling Bias (often intentional, “selection bias” = due to not implementing random methods during the selection process, which results in either inadequate or excess representation of some elements in the population, sometimes encouraged by survey sponsors to project their interest in the sample inference). http://math.tutorvista.com/statistics/bias.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics)

Answer 80

The correct answer is “A” The Gothic Revival style is part of the mid-19th century picturesque and romantic movement in architecture, reflecting the public's taste for buildings inspired by medieval design. The Gothic Revival style in America was advanced by architects Alexander Jackson Davis and landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing, authors of influential house plan books, Rural Residences (1837), Cottage Residences (1842), and The Architecture of Country Houses (1850). Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, Gothic Revival was used across Europe, throughout the British Empire, and in the United States for public buildings and homes for the people who could afford the style, but the most common use for Gothic Revival architecture was in the building of churches. Churches all over in the countries that were influenced by the Gothic Revival, small and large, whether isolated in small settlements or in the big city, there is at least one church done in Gothic Revival style. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U.S.A. are St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral. Alexander Jackson Davis was one of the most successful and influential American architects of his generation, known particularly for his association with the Gothic Revival style. This style was promoted as an appropriate design for rural settings, with its complex and irregular shapes and forms fitting well into the natural landscape. Thus, the Gothic Revival style was often chosen for country homes and houses in rural or small town settings. James Renwick, Jr. was one of the most successful American architects of his time. His finest achievement, and his best-known building, St. Patrick's Cathedral, is on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 51st Street in New York City. The new cathedral was designed by James Renwick, Jr. in the Gothic Revival style. The cathedral is the most ambitious essay in Gothic that the revival of the style produced and is a mixture of German, French, and English Gothic influences. http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/architecture/styles/gothic-revival.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Renwick,_Jr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt

Answer 81

The correct answer is “B” How large should your sample be? Should you survey 1%, 5%, or 10% of your population? Well, this depends largely on how accurate you want your survey data to be. In other words, how closely you want your results to match those of the entire population. There are two measures that affect the accurateness of the data. * First of all there is the margin of error (or confidence intervals). In short, this is the positive and negative deviation you allow on your survey results for the sample. Or, in other words, the deviation between the opinions of your respondents and the opinion of the entire population. An example will shed some light on this statistical explanation. Suppose you set your margin of error on 5%. If 60% of your survey respondents like the bond issue, a 5% margin of error means that you can be ‘sure’ that between 55% (60%- 5) and 65% (60%+5) of the entire population actually likes the bond issue. * Second there is the confidence level. This tells you how often the percentage of the population that likes the Parks and Recreation bond issue actually lies within the boundaries of the margin of error. Here it would tell you how sure you can be that between 55% and 65% of the population likes the bond issue campaign. Suppose you chose the 95% confidence level – which is pretty much the standard in quantitative research – then in 95% of the time between 55% and 65% of the population likes the Parks and Recreation bond issue. Both of these issues affect the needed sample size. As a general rule of thumb, a good maximum sample size is usually around 10% of the population, as long as this does not exceed 1000. For example, in a population of 200,000, 10% would be 20,000. This exceeds 1000, so in this case the maximum would be 1000. Even in a population of 200,000, sampling 1000 people will normally give a fairly accurate result. Sampling more than 1000 people won’t add much to the accuracy given the extra time and money it would cost (see figure below to understand how margin of error varies with sample size to better understand this concept). http://www.tools4dev.org/resources/how-to-choose-a-sample-size/ https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-calculator/ https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat100/node/17 https://www.checkmarket.com/blog/how-to-estimate-your-population-and-survey-sample-size/ https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat100/node/17

Answer 82

The correct answer is C) Options II and IV are considered to be “Line Employees”, rather than Staff. Staff workers derive influence from expert authority or "authority of knowledge," from their control of information which may be vital to line managers, and from their closer access to upper management (e.g. planners, accountants). Line employees directly advance an organization in its core work, such as police and fire protection, or garbage removal in governmental agencies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_and_line

Answer 83

The correct answer is C) It would be poor judgment and unethical to limit or exclude neighborhood groups from community planning activities. Ideally, a community should enjoy the benefits of collaboration between organized groups and the planning staff.

Answer 84

The correct answer is “B” The dependent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is something that depends on other factors. For example, a test score could be a dependent variable because it could change depending on several factors such as how much you studied, how much sleep you got the night before you took the test, or even how hungry you were when you took it. Usually when you are looking for a relationship between two things you are trying to find out what makes the dependent variable change the way it does. Here, the number of work vs. non-work trips per hour is dependent on the time of day (the independent variable - see chart below), and the dependent variable is plotted on the Y-axis (north-south), and the independent variable is plotted on the X-axis (east-west): https://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/help/user_guide/graph/variables.asp https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/glossary/dependent-variable-2/

Answer 85

The best definitional answer is “D”, although “A” is also appropriate This is somewhat an unfair question, with two related answers. Cost revenue analysis focuses exclusively on the costs and revenues associated with a specific form of growth. The result of such an analysis is a statement of net governmental surplus or deficit expressed in purely financial terms. “A” is Fiscal Impact Analysis (FIA); “B” is Cost-Benefit Analysis; “C” is Present Value. Fiscal Impact Analysis is used interchangeably with “Cost-revenue analysis”. 2014-2015 CPC AICP Exam Study Manual, p. 161. http://books.google.com/books?id=zH6lslEBF0oC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=%22cost+revenue+a nalysis%22+%22fiscal+impact+analysis%22+difference&source=bl&ots=ETw4QrkEjZ&sig=035 qK3DjxAZbsCsypAT2XVTL6Hg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gStdVNmUOcKhgwT0wIEI&ved=0CCQQ6AE wAQ#v=onepage&q=%22cost%20revenue%20analysis%22%20%22fiscal%20impact%20analy sis%22%20difference&f=false

Answer 86

The correct answer is (D) The Fred F. French Investing Co. v. City of New York (1976), involved a rezoning of land to public park use, which was accompanied by a grant to its owners of transferable development rights which could be used anywhere within a designated "receiving zone." The Court of Appeals reaffirmed the general rule that an owner may not, under the guise of zoning, be deprived of all but a "bare residue" of the economic value of his property. The Court went on to say that, in this case, severance of the development rights did not adequately preserve an economic return for the owner since the market for them was too uncertain and their transfer was mandatory. In Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York (1978), the designation of Grand Central Terminal as a protected landmark was at issue. The specific issue affecting TDR concerned a provision of the city Historic Preservation regulation which granted to the owner of the landmark the right to transfer the development rights above the terminal (i.e. “air rights”) to other parcels of land in the vicinity. The Court noted that In the Penn Central case (as opposed to Fred French Investing), the regulations permitted continued productive use of the property as a railroad terminal and permitted use of the development rights in a less contingent fashion: "These substitute rights are valuable, and provide significant, perhaps 'fair,' compensation for the loss of rights above the Terminal itself." The Penn Central case is significant for its recognition of the concept of transferable development rights, for its utilization of their value in determining whether land use restrictions are valid, and for its upholding of New York City’s Landmark historic preservation law. http://www.dos.ny.gov/lg/publications/Transfer_of_Development_Rights.pdf http://www.planning.org/divisions/planningandlaw/propertytopics.htm#Transfer

Answer 87

The correct answer is “B” Alinsky's organizations are created when an invitation is sent out by the neighborhood or organization and a paid organizer is then sent to the neighborhood. They identify issues, generate action, recruit and involve local leaders, and sets up a local organization if one does not exist. Source: "2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners" Published by Chapter Presidents’ Council American Planning Association, "Citizen Participation in Planning" by Terry Langlois, AICP, Memphis TN, pages 123-124.

Answer 88

The correct answer is “D” The federal Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) prohibits the imposition of certain burdens on churches and other religious institutions as a way to avoid burdensome zoning law restrictions on their property use: “No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including a religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that [the land use regulation is] in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest [and] is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.” Addressing RLUIPA restrictions, courts have generally upheld that general zoning and land-use restrictions apply to everyone (e.g. parking & traffic impacts); that churches may be excluded from some districts (and need to comply with associated building codes); and that general review processes apply to everyone. APA Zoning Practice #10 (October 2010) Religious Institutions https://www.planning.org/media/document/9006935/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act

Answer 89

The correct answer is “D” http://pages.uoregon.edu/rgp/PPPM613/class10theory.htm

Answer 90

The correct answer is “D” APA PAS Report 582 - Planners and Water - rises to the challenge of growing cities, aging infrastructure, changing climate, and a torrent of worry about water, with a fresh planning approach known as “One Water” – because that is how water occurs in nature. “One Water”, a simpler name for the paradigm known as Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), looks at water supply, water quality, and stormwater as a single resource for planners to manage. Water resource issues are now recognized to be highly interrelated with land development. Population and employment growth have placed increased demands on often scarce water supplies. Pollution and waste disposal practices have diminished the quality and availability of water. The benefits of One Water include improved resource sustainability (greater reliability, security, and resilience), conservation of natural waters and related ecosystems, and flood avoidance. One Water management is a foundational element of the American Planning Association’s Policy Guide on Water. https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/water/ https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9131532/ https://www.waterrf.org/publicreportlibrary/4660.pdf

Answer 91

The correct answer is “C” The three correct standards are all from THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR’S STANDARDS FOR REHABILITATION. Option II. is incorrect as (1) Not all archaeological resources must be protected – only ones deemed to have significant archaeological value; and (2) both protection in place AND proper archaeological excavation are typically viable options for the protection of significant archaeological resources. The actual standard reads “Significant archeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken”. https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/rehabilitation/rehab/stand.htm

Answer 92

The correct answer is “D” The APA Policy Guide on Homelessness indicates that “Several factors have contributed to the rise in homelessness, including escalating housing costs since the 1980s that outstripped personal income growth; accelerated loss of affordable housing stock and declining rental assistance; and decreased affordability and availability of family support services, such as child care. Other social changes including deindustrialization of our central cities, suburbanization, and the resulting concentration of urban poverty, have created unsustainable communities and housing markets.” https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/homelessness.htm

Answer 93

The correct answer is (B) RLUIPA cautions local governments not to “substantially burden” a religious land-use applicant’s right to free exercise. To date, the courts have generally found that the government did not substantially burden the religious land-use applicant in three broad categories where: 1. General zoning and land-use restrictions apply to everyone. EXAMPLE: Establishing a minimum 1,000-foot buffer requirement between nonagricultural, nonresidential uses in an agricultural district “to protect, preserve, and enhance the rural character and lifestyle of existing low-density areas and agricultural use” 2. Churches are excluded from some districts. EXAMPLE: Excluding all religious institutions from the central business district 3. General review processes apply to everyone. EXAMPLE: Requiring religious homeless shelters to comply with the town’s building code (like everyone else) POTENIALLY PROBLEMATIC: Establishing a conditional use approval process for certain religious institutions (e.g. Moslem; thereby treating them differently) SOURCE: APA’s Religious Institutions; “Zoning Practice” (October 2010); APA’s Religious Institutions; “Zoning Practice” (September 2008); APA’s Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); p. 586

Answer 94

The correct answer is “C” There are some problems and benefits associated with citizen participation. Some costs may be that due to a lengthened process, there may indeed some economic wastes. Another possible cost may be that there is an inefficiency in government created because of the added groups. There is also the thought that it may weaken the representative form of government. Source: "2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners" Published by Chapter Presidents’ Council American Planning Association, "Citizen Participation in Planning" by Terry Langlois, AICP, Memphis TN, pages 125-126.

Answer 95

The correct answer is “C” Homer Hoyt wanted to provide an alternative to the concentric zone model as a way of explaining urban land use. Ernest Burgess developed the concentric zone model in the 1920s based on his studies of Chicago. Burgess’s model suggested that cities have zones arranged in a series of concentric bands that expand outward from the CBD. Hoyt argued that instead of concentric sets of neighborhoods, cities are primarily laid out in pie or wedge-shaped zones and corridors developed from the core of the city to the outskirts. In the Hoyt Sector Model, the CBD is still in the center, but expanding outward away from it along transportation lines are zones used for industry and residential developments. For example, the electric streetcar allowed low-income areas to extend from the CBD to the outer edge of the city. Land use within each sector would remain the same because like attracts like. The high-class sector would stay high-class because it would be the most sought after area to live, so only the rich could afford to live there. The industrial sector would remain industrial as the area would have a common advantage of a railway line or river. https://www.albert.io/blog/hoyt-sector-model-ap-human-geography-crash-course/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_model https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/hoyt-model-sector-model-land-use-1939-homer-hoyt

Answer 96

The correct answer is “D”

Answer 97

The correct answer is “D” Lewis Mumford, was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a writer, and was heavily influenced by the work of Scottish theorist Sir Patrick Geddes, after whom he named his son “Geddes”. The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) was formed by Clarence Stein as an urban reform association in 1923. Stein, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing, and Henry Wright were the essential backbone of the RPAA. Mumford contributed to the group by sharing his interest of Patrick Geddes’ ideas on regional development and planning, and contributed his concepts of “a dispersed yet concentrated urban culture integrated with nature” which were integrated along with MacKaye’s concepts into the RPAA’s later projects. He wrote both The Culture of Cities and The City in History, which won the 1962 U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumford http://www.academia.edu/1161406/From_Patrick_Geddes_to_Lewis_Mumford_and_Beyond https://ww2.odu.edu/ao/instadv/quest/CityAsCommunity.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America

Answer 98

The correct answer is “C” The Baby Boomers are the generation that was born following World War II, generally from 1946 up to 1964, a time that was marked by an increase in birth rates. In the 1960s, as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults, they, and those around them, created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort, and the change they were bringing about. Generation X, commonly abbreviated to Gen X, is the generation born after the Western Post– World War II baby boomers. Demographers, historians and commentators use birth dates ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. The Silent Generation, also known as the Lucky Few, were the generation before the Baby Boomers and were born from approximately 1925 until 1942. It includes some who fought in World War II, most of those who fought the Korean War and many during the Vietnam War.

Answer 99

The correct answer is ”C” New Census Bureau data shows that the American city is experiencing something of a renaissance, driven primarily by migration into the center of the nation’s metropolitan areas. According to the Census Bureau data, 2013 saw 2.3 million more people living in metro areas than in 2012, with 269.9 million people now living in cities and their surrounding areas. Between 2012 and 2013, only 92 out of the country's 381 metropolitan areas lost population. The shift in population to America’s metro areas has been increasing since 2010, when the economic recovery began picking up. The trend in city living is driven primarily by two groups: young professionals and Baby Boomers, who are retiring and moving back to the cities they left when they started families. https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/03/more-americans-moving-to-citiesreversing-the-suburban-exodus/359714/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/petesaunders1/2017/01/12/where-educated-millennials-aremoving/#91044ead3ccc https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2013/08/05/1a21c1b2-fba7-11e2-a369- d1954abcb7e3_story.html?tid=hybrid_collaborative_1_na&utm_term=.d748163f427d

Answer 100

The correct answer is “C” Pop-Up Urbanism and Temporary Urbanism refer to the use of temporary urban infill projects. The idea has its roots in urban tactics from the World's Fairs of yesteryear to Christo's public art installations to of-the-moment interventions such as yarn bombing, guerilla gardening, and turning abandoned pay phones into mini-libraries. https://www.planning.org/planning/2011/apr/60urbanisms.htm https://www.planning.org/planning/2011/apr/60urbanisms.htm http://www.theatlanticcities.com/design/2012/05/rise-temporary-city/1865/

Answer 101

The correct answer is “B” John Nolen’s design of the Village of Mariemont in Cincinnati drew its inspiration from the English Garden City and originated many of the "new urbanism" concepts being replicated by communities throughout the nation today, as did other subsequent developments by John Nolen in Florida. https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2008/mariemont.htm http://www.mariemontlifestyle.com/mary-emery-vision/ http://www.cnuflorida.org/nu_florida/roots.htm

Answer 102

The correct answer is “D” Shift-share analysis is used to determine the amount of regional job growth that is attributable to national trends versus unique regional factors. Shift share analysis is one way to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a region's industries. It provides a picture of how well the region's current mix of industries is performing and how well individual industries are doing. One of the down sides of this type of analysis is that shift share analysis does not discount the effect of abnormal events, like natural disasters and labor management disputes. Location quotient compares the local economy to a reference economy, in the process attempting to identify specializations in the local economy. It does NOT assume that ALL employment in each industry is Basic or Non-Basic. Economic base projections are used to project employment within local industry sectors using a base multiplier computed from historical data. Econometric projection models are used to forecast economic phenomena such as income and employment using regression analysis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-share_analysis Chapter Presidents’ Council Study Manual for the AICP exam, page 178

Answer 103

The correct answer is (C) FAR = floor area ratio = building area / lot area. The FARs for (A) = 5 [20 acres of building/4 acre lot]; (B) = 4 [4 story bldg. on ¼ acre/ ¼ acre]; (C) = 6 [12 acres of building/2 acre lot]; (D) = 2 [2 story bldg. on ½ acre / ½ acre].

Answer 104

The correct answer is “C” A Geodetic datum or geodetic system is a coordinate system, and a set of reference points, used to locate places on the Earth, often used in GIS systems, such as North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum http://support.esri.com/en/knowledgebase/GISDictionary/term/datum

Answer 105

The correct answer is “A” A “woonerf” is a street where pedestrians and cyclists have legal priority over motorists. In a woonerf, people on bikes and on foot have access to the whole street, not just sidewalks. Moreover, the street functions as a public living room, where adults gather and children play safely because vehicle speed is kept to a minimum. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woonerf http://streetswiki.wikispaces.com/Woonerf

Answer 106

The best answer is “B” Performance zoning--land use regulation based upon the application of specific performance standards--represents another alternative to traditional zoning. Performance zoning provides for greater flexibility, avoiding the detailed specification of acceptable uses for specific parcels inherent in traditional zoning. Under performance zoning, land development and use are regulated by a series of performance standards relating to specific impacts of a proposed development. Performance standards can, for example, limit the intensity of development, control the impacts of development on nearby land uses, limit the effects of development on public infrastructure, and protect the natural environment. Performance standards can be negative or positive. They can set a maximum level for the noise impacts on adjacent property or they can require specified types of buffers to be established between certain types of land uses. In its purest form, performance zoning may allow all possible land uses and establish a uniform system of performance standards throughout a jurisdiction. Some systems of performance zoning, however, do provide for the specification of a relatively small number of more generalized zones, with some broad restrictions on types of use and different performance standards in the different zones (Kendig, 1980). http://www-pam.usc.edu/volume1/v1i1a4s4.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning#Types_of_Zoning https://www.planning.org/divisions/planningandlaw/propertytopics.htm

Answer 107

The correct answer is A) Development of a future-oriented community vision through advance planning would provide the foundation for the programs and activities described in the other answers.

Answer 108

The correct answer is “B” Visioning often begins with a workshop to start a citizen’s discussion of the community’s vision that will ultimately lead to an action plan on how to accomplish that vision. An extensive visioning effort may involve citizen task forces on individual topics (e.g. housing, land uses, transportation, education, etc.). Five questions that visioning attempts to answer are: * Where is the community now (existing conditions)? * Where is it going (trends)? * Where does it want to go (Vision, alternative or preferred scenarios)? * How can it get there (Action Plan, broad strategies)? * Is it getting there (Community indicators/Benchmarks)? APA’s Planning and Urban Design Standards, pp. 55-56 https://books.google.com/books?id=NXpncFYj73QC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=New+Oregon+ model+visioning&source=bl&ots=L4aXd_NO6U&sig=grVlgzy-- y7eZqpurSRJHqN30PA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo88LvwZ7XAhUJQyYKHXRDA_UQ6AEI WTAL#v=onepage&q=New%20Oregon%20model%20visioning&f=false http://jfsdigital.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/152-S05.pdf http://apa-nc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Comp-and-Strategic-Planning.pdf

Answer 109

The correct answer is D) The answer was derived from a familiarity with APA's Policy Guides. Answers I, II and III from the first tier could all be essential components in a local government historic preservation program. Answer IV is incorrect. Remodeling the front of historic structures with a set motif would likely ruin the historic value of the structures.

Answer 110

The correct answer is “D” A Special Assessment District is a geographic area in which the market value of real estate is enhanced due to the influence of a public improvement and in which a tax is apportioned to recover the costs of the public improvement. The tool is flexible: it can be applied to commercial or industrial property only, or it can include residential land uses. Tax rates can be constant or can vary over time. The districts are being set up in both suburban and downtown contexts and are funding a wide variety of transit types, from heavy rail to streetcars to bus rapid transit (BRT). Special assessment districts for transit, like tax increment financing (TIF), are a type of valuecapture financing. Both tap into the real estate value created by infrastructure investments. With TIF, however, governments hold tax rates constant and use expected bumps in tax revenues from increased property values to finance the debt for the project. Special assessment districts are more direct and less risky. By increasing the property tax rate, they capture a guaranteed portion of current property value in addition to a portion of future increases in property value. TIF usually requires a designation of blight, but special assessment districts do not; this makes special assessment districts an important funding tool for economically healthy communities looking to invest in their future. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_assessment_tax https://urbanland.uli.org/industry-sectors/infrastructure-transit/using-special-assessments-tofund-transit-investments/

Answer 111

The correct answer is A) The site plan review process varies from community to community, but of the boards noted above, the Planning Commission is the most likely board to conduct or, at least, coordinate the industrial park's site plan review. It is possible, however, that all of the agencies noted above are involved, to some degree, in the site plan review.

Answer 112

The correct answer is “B” In a 5-4 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the majority held that the city's taking of private property to sell for private development qualified as a "public use" within the meaning of the takings clause. Kelo v. City of New London did not establish entirely new law concerning eminent domain. Although the decision was controversial, it was not the first time “public use” had been interpreted by the Supreme Court as “public purpose”. In the majority opinion, Justice Stevens wrote the "Court long ago rejected any literal requirement that condemned property be put into use for the general public" [i.e. Berman v. Parker (1954)]. However, public reaction to the decision was highly unfavorable. As a result, many states changed their eminent domain laws. Prior to the Kelo decision, only eight states specifically prohibited the use of eminent domain for economic development except to eliminate blight. Since the decision, forty-four states have amended their eminent domain laws. Of those states, 22 enacted laws that severely inhibited the takings allowed by the Kelo decision, while the rest enacted laws that place some limits on the power of municipalities to invoke eminent domain for economic development. The remaining eight states have not passed laws to limit the power of eminent domain for economic development. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London https://www.oyez.org/cases/2004/04-108

Answer 113

The correct answer is “B” Nevada was the fastest-growing state between 2000 and 2010, growing by 35.1 percent (see Table 1 in link below). It was followed by Arizona (24.6 percent), Utah (23.8 percent), Idaho (21.1 percent), and Texas (20.6 percent). http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf

Answer 114

The correct answer is “C” Net land area for the purpose of computing density/intensity is typically that total land area within the property boundaries of a subject parcel, exclusive of any undevelopable lands (e.g. submerged land or public road right-of-way). http://www.co.pinellas.fl.us/ppc/maps/newcwp/60dayappxb.pdf

Answer 115

The correct answer is “A” Among all 366 metro areas, Palm Coast, FL, was the fastest-growing between 2000 and 2010 (up 92.0 percent); Las Vegas grew by 41.8% and Houston by 26.1%. The Villages, located to the west of the Orlando metro area, grew by 5.4 percent between July 1, 2013, and July 1, 2014, to reach a population of about 114,000, and was the nation's fastest growing metro area from 2013 to 2014, according to U.S. Census Bureau metropolitan statistical area, micropolitan statistical area and county population estimates released in 2015. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2015/cb15-56.html

Answer 116

The correct answer is “C” The Walk Score algorithm awards points based on the distance to the closest amenity in each category. If the closest amenity in a category is within ¼ mile, the maximum number of points is awarded. The number of points declines as the distance approaches 1 mile — no points are awarded for amenities further than 1 mile away. Relevant amenities include businesses, parks, theaters, schools and other common destinations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_Score

Answer 117

The correct answer is “D” As the Planning Director, you should inform the Planning Commission about your connection to the petitioner as well as the case, and remove yourself from the planning review process. There could be a perceived conflict of interest if you were a deciding factor in the review and approval of the project.

Answer 118

The correct answer is A) Inverse condemnation refers to the process of so regulating private property that in fact, a taking of property rights occurs without fair compensation.

Answer 119

The correct answer is (B) Option “I” may violate the dual nexus tests of Nollan and Dolan by requiring new development to be TOTALLY responsible for ALL needed infrastructure, which may exceed the “rough proportionality” of their impacts (e.g. a project may be projected to only impact 5% of the roadway capacity of a new roadway improvement). Option “III” may be illegal. FOR MORE INFORMATION - see: APA’s Accessory Housing: “Zoning Practice” (July 2012); APA’S PAS Report 561: Fiscal Impact Analysis: Methodologies for Planners (2010); p. 5; Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practice (2009); p. 380

Answer 120

The correct answer is “A” The capitalization rate, often just called the cap rate, is the ratio of Net Operating Income (NOI) to property asset value. So, for example, if a property was listed for $1,000,000 and generated an NOI of $100,000, then the cap rate would be $100,000/$1,000,000, or 10%. annual net operating income CAPITALIZATION RATE = cost (value) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization_rate http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalizationrate.asp?lgl=myfinance-layout-no-ads https://www.propertymetrics.com/blog/2013/06/03/cap-rate/

Answer 121

The correct answer is C) The above requirement is a debt limitation law, requiring that the county not incur indebtedness in any year that exceeds its income and revenue for that year.

Answer 122

The correct answer is “B” Zero Base Budgeting starts from "scratch" every year. All programs have to justify their existence through analyses called decision packages. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one. Advantages: * Accuracy: This type of budgeting requires companies to look over every department to make sure they are getting the correct amount of money. * Efficiency: It helps judge actual need by focusing on current numbers instead of past budgets. * Reduction in wasteful spending: It can remove redundant spending by reexamining potentially unnecessary expenditures. * Coordination and Communication: It allows for better communication within departments by involving employees in decision-making and budget prioritization. Disadvantages: * Bureaucracy: Creating ZBB within a company can take enormous amounts of time, effort, and analysis that would require extra staff. This could cause the process to be counter productive in cutting costs. * Corruption: In using ZBB, managers could attempt to skew numbers to make expenditures into vital activities, thus creating a "need" for them. This would cause companies to continue wasting money on things they don't need. * Intangible Justifications: This type of budgeting requires departments to justify their budget, which can be difficult on many levels. Departments such as advertising and marketing have to justify expenses they may or may not use in the next year due to the fluctuation of the market. This could cost them profits in the future due to not being able to justify a certain amount. * Managerial Time: ZBB comes at the cost of time and extra training for managers. This means extra time every year to do the budget, make adjustments, and receive the proper training to understand how to do ZBB. * Slower Response Time: Due to the amount of time and training is required to do ZBB, managerial staff could be less likely to revise the budget in response to a changing market. This means that it will take longer for a company to move money into departments that need it the most at the time. ZBB could potentially leave gaps in a company because the budget might not react to departments' sudden needs. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/z/zbb.asp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-based_budgeting

Answer 123

The correct answer is “C” Since 2000 fuel prices gave increased significantly as well as their volatility, illustrated by significant price declines in 2009 and 2015. All modes are affected by fuel price volatility, from the individual car owner to the corporation operating a fleet of hundreds of aircraft or ships. Different pricing mechanisms are used namely direct rate adjustments, as is the case of shipping, or indirect adjustments as is the case of airlines, with the reliance on fuel surcharges when energy prices are increasing. Because the impact of higher fuel costs hits the modes differentially, a modal shift is anticipated. Road and air transport are more fuel intensive than the other modes, and so fuel price increases are likely to impact upon them more severely than other modes. This can lead to a shift towards water and rail transport in particular. https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/ch3c1en.html

Answer 124

The correct answer is “B” The Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, the nation's largest affordable housing subsidy program, is not administered by HUD, and was passed as part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 to encourage equity capital investment in multifamily housing for those in need of rent restricted affordable housing. LIHTC owners may not refuse to rent to Rental Voucher holders, and because tax credits are competitively allocated, states may impose more restrictive requirements than the federal program minimums. The LIHTC provides funding for the development costs of low-income housing by allowing an investor (usually the partners of a partnership that owns the housing) to take an IRS federal tax credit equal to a percentage (up to 70 percent or 30 percent of PV depending on the credit type) of the cost incurred for development of the low-income units in a rental housing project. To take advantage of the LIHTC, a developer will typically propose a project to a state agency, seek and win a competitive allocation of tax credits, complete the project, certify its cost, and rent the project to low income tenants. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Income_Housing_Tax_Credit http://nnedv.org/downloads/Thousing/NHLP_LIHousingTaxCredit_Nov2012.pdf

Answer 125

The correct answer is “A” III is not an aspirational principle in the code. All of the others are in the code and would clearly benefit from social media efforts by planners.

Answer 126

The correct answer is “C” Texas experienced the largest population increase between 2000 and 2010, growing by over four million in population (see Table 1 in link below). It was followed by California (over 3 million), Florida (over 2 million), Georgia (over 1.5 million), and North Carolina (just under 1.5 million). Michigan was the only state to lose population. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf

Answer 127

The correct answer is “C” Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) is central to strategic planning. This strategic analysis is the key stage for flushing out the major strategic issues to be addressed in the strategic plan. These strategic issues are few in number, and huge in the importance to the performance of the organization. With these elephant like issues clearly identified from the SWOT, a planning team can devise strategies to achieve the organization's overall purpose, within a specific bracket of targets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning http://www.simply-strategic-planning.com/swot-analysis.html

Answer 128

The correct answer is “B” Transect Planning is a term, created through the New Urbanism movement that deals with the following elements: 1) The highest density is in the town center, and as you move outwards towards the edges there is less density; 2) It is an analytical system that creates a series of specific natural habitats or urban lifestyle settings; 3) The resulting urban to rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area. Source: www.newurbanism.com

Answer 129

The correct answer is D) You should worry about the appearance of a conflict of interest, even if the invitation for dinner is not intended to enhance your friend’s chances of being awarded the contract (Rules of Conduct 5, 8, 19). Because you have no influence about the decision to award the contract, which would include having no professional contact with the decision-makers, you might have dinner with your friend, but it might be safer to postpone the dinner until after the contract has been awarded.

Answer 130

The correct answer is A) The extent of the wellhead protection area was left up to individual state and local governments by the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.

Answer 131

The correct answer is “C” According to the 2010 Census, regional growth was much faster for the South and West (14.3 and 13.8 percent, respectively) than for the Midwest (3.9 percent) and Northeast (3.2 percent). http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf

Answer 132

The correct answer is “C“ The question asks for design techniques – lowering the speed limit is not a “design” technique. http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/portals/8/docs/designguide/ch_16.pdf

Answer 133

The correct answer is “C” Fiscal impact analysis determines whether a particular project or scale of development within a community will generate sufficient revenues to defray the necessary public service costs. Used to evaluate overall financial implications to local governments of alternative patterns and densities of land development. https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026994/ http://www.floridaplanning.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Fiscal_Neutrality-Pt-1JamieSchindewolf.pdf http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/fiscalimpact.htm

Answer 134

The correct answer is “A” Planning staff make recommendations but the governing body has final authority. Planners establish goals and objectives before determining policies. Planning staff generally report to an appointed body that acts as a balance to short term elected officials.

Answer 135

The correct answer is A) Section 332(C)(7)(B) of the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 prohibits municipalities from: 1) prohibiting wireless services, 2) discriminating among providers of wireless services, and 3) regulating based upon potential health effects of wireless facilities.

Answer 136

The correct answer is “A” The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (Pub.L. 109–59; SAFETEA-LU) was a funding and authorization bill that governed United States federal surface transportation spending, signed into law by President George W. Bush on August 10, 2005. SAFETEA-LU addressed many transportation challenges such as improving safety, reducing traffic congestion, improving efficiency in freight movement, increasing intermodal connectivity, and protecting the environment. SAFETEA-LU gives States more options for using road pricing to manage congestion (i.e. congestion pricing). It also established a new core Highway Safety Improvement Program that funded a Safe Route To School program. Answer IV was established in the earlierTEA21, and subsequently removed in the later MAP21 (i.e. answer III). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe,_Accountable,_Flexible,_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:_A_Legacy_for_Users https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/summary.htm https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tea21/summary.htm https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/summaryinfo.cfm

Answer 137

The correct answer is “B”. Small towns typically have residential neighborhoods within or mixed with commercial uses.

Answer 138

The correct answer is “C” Shift share analysis is one way to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a region's industries. It provides a picture of how well the region's current mix of industries is performing and how well individual industries are doing. The analysis examines three components of regional employment growth between two periods of time: national growth, industry mix and competitiveness. The three components are summed to obtain the total change in employment of a particular industry. The degree to which the change in the number of jobs in a local industry is attributable to change in a larger area of which it is a part is determined by calculating the state or national growth component. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-share_analysis For more details, see 2014-2015 CPC Study Guide, pages 177-180

Answer 139

The correct answer is “D” The long-form questionnaire is used to collect more detailed information from approximately one in six households. In addition to all of the 100-percent data, the long-form questionnaire for Census 2000 collected sample data on the social and economic characteristics of the population and the physical and financial characteristics of housing.

Answer 140

The correct answer is “B” The designation of a historic district and the imposition of special architectural controls are ways to integrate historic-preservation controls into a zoning ordinance. This regulates the treatment of historic buildings rather than depending on voluntary or informational means alone.

Answer 141

The correct answer is “A” The morning and afternoon traffic peaks both have trip ends that are home-based for many of the trips, even if they’re going and coming from work (i.e. office, retail, industrial). These are known as Home-Based Work (HBW) trips. http://media.tmiponline.org/clearinghouse/FHWA-HEP-10-042/ch8.htm

Answer 142

The correct answer is “A” Rent “control” (i.e. a system of rent regulation, administered by a court or a public authority, which limits the changes that can be made in the price of renting a house or apartment as a means of controlling the prices of rent and often counteract the inequality of bargaining power between landlords and tenant) is not typically a cause of homelessness. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/homelessness.htm

Answer 143

The correct answer is C) On the basis of studying 142 American cities, Homer Hoyt (1939) argued that, contrary to the concentric zone model, the city’s urban geometry is better described by a sector pattern of land development. The distributions of rents and the city’s socioeconomic status groups are organized in homogeneous, pie shaped wedges or sectors that run from the city’s CBD to the periphery. The characteristic land use, activity mix, and population composition for any sector are different from those sectors adjacent to it. The sector model is based on an axial conception of the city. It incorporates Richard Hurd’s 1924 idea that growth and development first take place along main transportation routes from the city’s center to the hinterland; these include rail lines, highways, and navigable bodies of water. At some point, it becomes cheaper in travel time and money to develop the open land between the axes than to continue the outward push along the axes. As the area between the axes becomes filled, another cycle begins with development shifting to the axes again and pushing out along them into the undeveloped hinterland. http://sociology.iresearchnet.com/urban-sociology/ecological-models-of-urban-form/

Answer 144

The correct answer is “A” Berman vs. Parker (1954) and, now, Kelo vs. London (2005) establish the underlying case law in which all legislative bodies determine the appropriateness of eminent domain. In this case, the Federal court would defer to the City's legislative judgment that the parking garage is serving a public benefit. The fact that a private party is going to operate the garage and set the rates is of little concern to the federal court. However, a state court might invalidate the city’s actions because of the more demanding view of public use required under state law, the presence of the private enterprise that may be prohibited under state eminent domain laws, or the fact that the city lacks control over the parking rates.

Answer 145

The correct answer is “A” Because she is a Private sector planner, there is no conflict of interest. If she were a public sector planner who was only approving the first phase of the project in hopes that she would be able to acquire a job with the developer in the near future or be able to work on the future parts of this specific project, then there could be a potential of a conflict of interest.

Answer 146

The correct answer is “C” Relaxing development standards for nursing homes is not an Aging in Place strategy. The Center for Disease Control defines aging in place as "the ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level. Options I, III and IV help accomplish that. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_in_place http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/livable-communities/plan/planning/aging-in-place-a-toolkit-for-local-governments-aarp.pdf

H 2017 Flashcards

(171 cards)