H 2021 Flashcards

Question

II. (25) The three C’s of a good staff report are: (A) Consistency, Compatibility, Comprehensive (B) Compliance, Consistency, Compatibility (C) Compliance, Consistency, Comprehensive (D) Comprehensive, Consistency, Compatibility

Answer 1

The correct answer is (B) Staff Report findings are typically related to the concepts of compliance, consistency, and compatibility, which are often the factors considered should the case be litigated: * Compliance. The report should identify which codes the application is subject to and, generally, how it complies. It should specify sections of the code with which the project does not comply and note whether there are any waivers, alternatives, or conditions to be considered. The report should relay how the application complies with environmental, utility, traffic, and other regulations in addition to zoning. * Consistency. The staff report should describe not only the land-use map classification but whether the proposed project is consistent with the goals and policies of the adopted plan. Consistency in applying codes is also important to assure equal protection. The report should identify prior decisions, if any, and indicate why this recommendation is similar (or why it is not). * Compatibility. This is probably the most subjective and debated of the parameters. The staff report should evaluate the project’s compatibility with adjacent properties. Is the use compatible with those around it? Is the height and scale of the building compatible with those adjacent? Are the site improvements (e.g., parking) and operational features (e.g., hours of operation) in character with the surrounding uses? SOURCE: PAS QuickNotes (February 2011), Getting the Most out of Staff Reports https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007627/

Answer 2

The correct answer is (C) Goals provide a long term result, or the long-term end toward which programs or activities are ultimately directed. Objectives are more specific, measurable statements of desired or intermediate ends that are achievable and mark progress toward a goal. Policies are courses of action that indicate how the goals and objectives of a plan should be realized. Measures are metrics used to assess progress toward meeting an objective, which can consist of an output or an outcome. Above, “A” is a goal. “B” is a policy, “C” is an Objective, and “D” is a measure. SOURCE: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Goals, Objectives, and Assumptions” pp. 4-5. https://www.uwsp.edu/cnrap/clue/Documents/Comprehensive_Planning/Land_Use_Resource_Guide_Chapter_5.pdf

Answer 3

The correct answer is (B) Realize the siting of a new landfill is highly unlikely to generate housing gentrification issues. EPA defines environmental justice (EJ) as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Other definitions include equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits; fair and meaningful participation in environmental decision-making; recognition of community ways of life, local knowledge, and cultural difference; and the capability of communities and individuals to function and flourish in society. Although its origins go back much earlier, in 1994, President Clinton issued Executive Order 12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations." Executive Order 12898 requires that achieving EJ must be part of each federal agency's mission and to identify and address the disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of their actions on minority and low-income populations. SOURCE: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Environmental Justice” pp. 93-94. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-executive-order-12898-federal-actions-address-environmental-justice

Answer 4

The correct answer is (A) A variance would be appropriate in this case, provided the hillside represented a severe topographic hardship, precluding the strict application of the ordinance. There are two broad categories of zoning variances: area variances and use variances. Area variances permit deviations from zoning regulations that govern the physical development of a property, such as minimum setbacks, maximum height, or maximum lot coverage due to a hardship created by the property (e.g. hillside). Use variances permit a use of property that would otherwise be prohibited by that property’s zoning designation, although some jurisdictions do not allow this type of variance. SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes (June 2012), Zoning Ordinance Variances https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007635/ Zoning Practice (June 2012), Avoiding Idiotic Variances https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9006914/ APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/variances/

Answer 5

The correct answer is (C) Smart growth is not about controlling or stopping growth. It is about encouraging development patterns that simultaneously promote environmental protection and economic development opportunities within a framework of neo-traditional design principles. Strategies include land use planning, mixed-use development, measures to increase public mass transit use, and the preservation of natural and agricultural lands. Core principles of Smart Growth include: A. Efficient use of land and infrastructure B. Creation and/or enhancement of economic value C. A greater mix of uses and housing choices D. Neighborhoods and communities focused around human-scale, mixed-use centers E. A balanced, multi-modal transportation system providing increased transportation choice F. Conservation and enhancement of environmental and cultural resources G. Preservation or creation of a sense of place H. Increased citizen participation in all aspects of the planning process and at every level of government I. Vibrant center city life J. Vital small towns and rural areas K. A multi-disciplinary and inclusionary process to accomplish smart growth L. Planning processes and regulations at multiple levels that promote diversity and equity M. Regional view of community, economy and ecological sustainability N. Recognition that institutions, governments, businesses and individuals require a concept of cooperation to support smart growth O. Local, state, and federal policies and programs that support urban investment, compact development and land conservation P. Well defined community edges, such as agricultural greenbelts, wildlife corridors or greenways permanently preserved as farmland or open space. SOURCES: APA Policy Guide (2012) – Smart Growth https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/smartgrowth.htm Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “Smart Growth in brief” pp. 117-122 APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/growingsmart/

Answer 6

The correct answer is (A) Subdivision regulations control and record the process of subdividing land. A result of subdivision regulations is the preservation of land records by platting and mapping. Another result is that developers design and construct developments properly. They include: 1) land recordation, 2) local design and construction standards for improvements and lots, 3) dedication requirements in the form of land or cash-in-lieu, 4) use of developer's impact fees, 5) the institution of growth management controls. SOURCE: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Subdivision Regulations” pp. 597-598. http://plannersweb.com/1992/07/an-introduction-to-subdivision-regulations/ SCPEA - https://www.planning.org/growingsmart/enablingacts/

Answer 7

The best answer is (A) Although the regional planning council may be able to provide “advice” on how to effectively accomplish a visioning process, it is often best to augment staff expertise through the hiring of expert consultants where detailed technical or subject matter knowledge on a specific planning process is required. Consultants are typically skilled at facilitating the extensive public outreach and involvement required in major planning projects. Outside experts can also bring credibility and a sense of objectivity to planning processes. SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes (April 2012): Hiring a Consultant: RFQs and RFPs https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007634/ PAS Report #573 (2013); Working with Planning Consultants https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026897/

Answer 8

The correct answer is (D) Planning staff make recommendations but the governing body has final authority. Planning staff or hired consultants usually write the zoning ordinances and establish goals and objectives before determining policies. Planning staff generally report to an appointed body that acts as a balance to short term elected officials. SOURCES: PAS Report (2016), Local Planning Agency Management https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9101254/ SSZEA - https://www.planning.org/growingsmart/enablingacts/

Answer 9

The correct answer is (C) Stein was a major proponent of the Garden City movement in the United States, and involved in the 1930’s development of the “Greenbelt towns” under the rural Resettlement Administration, including Greenbelt, Maryland, Greendale, Wisconsin and Greenhills, Ohio. Earlier in 1923, Stein and Henry Wright collaborated on the plan for Sunnyside Gardens, a neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens that took the garden city ideas of Sir Ebenezer Howard as a model. Also, in 1929, Stein and Wright collaborated with Kenneth Weinberger on the plan for the Radburn community in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, roughly double the area of Sunnyside. The vision for Radburn was of an integrated selfsustaining community, surrounded by greenbelts, specialized automotive thoroughfares (main linking roads, serviced lanes for direct access to buildings, and express highways), and a complete separation of auto and pedestrian traffic. These thoroughfares were called “superblocks”. SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/planning/2008/nov/over70.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Stein https://www.greenbeltonline.org/radburn-nj-garden-city-model-greenbelt/ https://www.greenbeltmuseum.org/copy-of-new-deal-era-housing-projec Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Garden Cities” pp. 72-73.

Answer 10

The correct answer is (D) Communities regulate markets and street merchants through zoning and business licensing or through standards of behavior on public property in eight key areas: 1. Vending locations – e.g. sidewalk vending or street markets 2. Exemptions – e.g. obtaining waivers from neighboring businesses 3. Permit caps – e.g. vending permit caps 4. Vending area – e.g. brightline versus flexible locational standards 5. Space allocation – e.g. space allocation by governmental vs. designated authority 6. Restrictions on certain goods – e.g. food type restrictions (fruit/vegetable only) near schools 7. Cart or display design – e.g. cart size, less often, cart appearance 8. Fees and taxes – e.g. license, permit costs (per sq. foot vs. flat fee) SOURCE: Zoning Practice (February 2009), Zoning for Public Markets and Street Vendors https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9027458/ https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/downtowneconomics/files/2012/07/Public-Markets.pdf https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=jchlp

Answer 11

The correct answer is (B) An inclusionary housing program will likely address the community's affordable housing needs. Inclusionary housing allows for mixed income communities that provide people with options in housing type as individual lifestyles and incomes change over time. Some jurisdictions use inclusionary zoning ordinances that require developers to produce a certain number of affordable units in order to be approved, frequently mandating 10 to 30 percent of the new residential units to be affordable to lowincome residents. Other options may be housing payments in-lieu of fees or the providing of off-site affordable housing units. Another approach can be to create a housing trust fund for city-administered affordable housing programs. SOURCES: APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/inclusionaryhousing/ PAS QuickNotes (December 2006), Inclusionary Housing https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007604/

Answer 12

The correct answer is (D) According to the APA Code of Ethics the best thing to do in this situation is to decline the opportunity and say “no” to investing in this development. RULE OF CONDUCT #5 states: ”We shall not, as public officials or employees, accept from anyone other than our public employer any compensation, commission, rebate, or other advantage that may be perceived as related to our public office or employment.” One of the main thoughts that the APA is trying to make very clear to planners is to stay out of potentially unfavorable situations that could be construed as being unethical. In answer “A”, you should remember that, as in this example, your husband’s financial interests are also your own. In answer “B”, your Director or boss should not give you permission to invest in this development. In answer “C”, your staff may recommend the development or show some sort of favoritism because they know that you are involved in its success or failure. Answer “D”, is the best of the four possible actions. SOURCES: AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 13

The correct answer is (B) Farmland protection refers to primarily state and local government programs designed to limit the conversion of agricultural land into other land uses. The protection of agricultural lands is critical due to the important roles that agricultural plays economically, environmentally, and socially. Typical strategies focus on either protecting farmland from conversion to non-farm uses by prohibiting or restricting development on farmland, or permanently protecting those lands, or minimizing conflicts between existing agricultural operations and new development. Right-to-farm laws are designed to accomplish one or both of the following objectives: (1) to strengthen the legal position of farmers when subsequent neighbors sue them for private nuisance (i.e. “coming to the nuisance”); and (2) to protect farmers from anti-nuisance ordinances and unreasonable controls on farming operations. SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes (February 2012); The Farmland Protection Toolbox https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007633/ APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/farmlandprotection/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmland_preservation

Answer 14

The correct answer is (C). The general, the multiple purposes of a good staff report are: 1. To factually describe the issue 2. To objectively describe why the issue is before the board or commission 3. To anticipate and answer questions likely to be asked at the hearing 4. To provide a professional recommendation 5. To inform officials and stakeholders on the issues of compliance, consistency, and compatibility with adopted plans and applicable regulations 6. To build a public record and a legally defensible foundation—should litigation arise. SOURCE: PAS QuickNotes (February 2011); Getting the Most out of Staff Reports https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007627/

Answer 15

The correct answer is (C) The home mortgage interest deduction allows taxpayers who own their homes to reduce their taxable income by the amount of interest paid on the loan which is secured by their principal residence. Approximately half of all homeowners (~ 75 million) use this deduction, and the standard justification for the deduction is that it gives an incentive for home ownership. It has, however, been criticized for providing few benefits to low-income families. SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/planning/2014/dec/viewpoint.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_mortgage_interest_deduction http://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/06/mortinttaxdeduct.asp

Answer 16

The correct answer is (D) Oregon was one of the first places in the U.S. to undergo a proliferation of community-based visioning, and the Oregon Model represents a comprehensive approach to visioning that has since gained widespread acceptance around the country. The model is framed by four simple questions: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where are we going? 3. Where do we want to be? 4. How do we get there? Some communities add a fifth step promoting action plan implementation (called the “New” Oregon Model): 5. Are we getting there? SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Community Visioning”, pp. 55-56 https://nj.gov/state/planning/assets/docs/pe-docs/pe-doc-community-visioning-standards.pdf

Answer 17

The correct answer is (B) Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), a sociologist by training, is known as the Father of Regional Planning. In his 1915 book, Cities in Evolution: An introduction to Town Planning Movement and the Study of Civics, Patrick Geddes set out his idea of the city as an instrument of evolution, and began to formulate his broader philosophy of regional planning, including the idea of ‘conurbations’, ever-expanding urban communities that could turn the east coast of America into one vast city stretching for hundreds of miles. His ideas were brought to the United States by Lewis Mumford, an American writer who was a leading member of the Regional Planning Association of America along with Clarence Stein, Henry Wright and others. Mumford popularized Geddes’s theories, promoting the idea that people, industry and land were an integrated network that needed to be planned for together. OTHER PEOPLE: Daniel Burnham was an architect and urban planner instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and best known for his management of the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 (birthing the “City Beautiful” planning movement) and for the influential 1909 “Plan for Chicago”, the first metropolitan regional plan in the country. Paul Davidoff is best known for explaining advocacy planning, and wrote A Choice Theory of Planning with Thomas Reiner in 1962. Kevin Lynch wrote Image of the City in 1960 that discusses how observers take in information about a city, and use it to make mental maps of the city (i.e. Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes, Landmarks). SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Regionalism, 1910-1940”, pp. 77-78 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Geddes

Answer 18

The correct answer is (C) Land use maps generally use different colors to represent different land use functions. Typical colors for land uses (by function) include: * Yellows for residential uses such as single-family and town houses. * Reds for retail and commercial uses * Purples for industrial uses * Blues for institutional and public facilities * Greens for recreational uses * Grays for industrial utilities SOURCES: APA Knowledge Center - https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/document/LBCS.pdf https://www.planning.org/lbcs/standards/activity/

Answer 19

The correct answer is (C) This is a question about immediateness of action and order of action. In the military land-use compatibility context, a moratorium might likely be used to serve a valid public purpose (i.e. planning in progress) because it restricts development while local government prepares a permanent plan to address public safety and military readiness—both vital public interests. The planning could happen through either the airfield oriented Air Installation Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ) process, or a Joint Land Use Study (JLUS) involving the military base, local government, and the public. For example, a comprehensive plan’s land-use element might address the issue of compatible use by calling for implementation of the AICUZ study or JLUS, which might be codified through the adoption of a Military overlay addressing the height, noise, and accident potential zones contained in the base’s AICUZ study, and imposing specific land-use regulations in addition to a property’s underlying zoning designation. Finally, a local government might use amortization to provide a non-conforming use property owner a reasonable time to phase out nonconforming uses and structures that interfere with military operations, but once that time has expired, the nonconformity would have to be terminated. SOURCE: Zoning Practice (May 2011); Compatibility: Land-Use Compatibility Near Military Bases https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9006928/ Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Safety Considerations at Military Airports”, p. 290.

Answer 20

The correct answer is (B) It is understood that playing in a public charity event involves making a donation to the charity (as opposed to problematically being offered a free round of golf). As many local business leaders will be at this public event, it does not represent a conflict of interest (as opposed to accepting a private invitation to play a free round of golf from one specific business leader, which would represent a conflict of interest). SOURCE: AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 21

The correct answer is (C) The inaccuracy caused in the estimates of population parameters attributed to bias (non-sampling error) is more systematic than sampling error, which is the natural consequence arising out of the fact that sample size is much less than the population size. Sampling error can therefore be minimized by increasing the size of the sample, but non-sampling error can’t. Bias is a term often confused with sampling error. Bias is the systematic error resulting in deviation in estimates of population parameters caused by faulty design and/or deficient execution of sampling process. Bias is not a result of sample size and hence increasing the sample size will not reduce bias in estimates. The bias caused in surveys due to asking leading questions is often intended. The questions for the survey might be framed in a way to lead to the responses desired by the researcher. There might be more options provided in favor of desired responses than provided for opposite viewpoints. SOURCES: The Planner’s Use of Information (2003); “Selecting the Population to be Surveyed”, pp. 59-65. https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-+types+of+error https://surveytown.com/10-examples-of-biased-survey-questions/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics)

Answer 22

The correct answer is (C) Aristotle was a critic of Hippodamus’ idea of straight streets and a gridded layout. He argued that, while a town planned in a grid is certainly more visually appealing than a haphazardly planned urban area, the latter is better for deterring invaders. If a city is infiltrated, the trespassers would easily be able to navigate through the streets if they are planned out in an orderly way. However, poorly planned streets are much easier to get lost in, and intruders not familiar with the city would be at a loss in such a place. Basically, orderly planning is good for beauty, haphazard planning (or lack thereof) is better for security. SOURCES: https://desktopexplorer.wordpress.com/tag/hippodamus-of-miletus/ http://www.academia.edu/4378826/Centenary_Paper_Plan_and_constitution_Aristotle_s_Hippodam_t owards_an_ostensive_definition_of_spatial_planning_2009 https://www.planning.org/planning/2014/feb/thecommissioner.htm

Answer 23

The best answer is (B) Planning Directors hired by a Council, Commission or Mayor typically report directly to the Council, Commission or Mayor hiring them, and serve “at will”. SOURCE: PAS Report #582 (2016); Local Planning Agency Management

Answer 24

The correct answer is (A) When you first begin to believe this may be an issue, discuss it further with your director or supervisor before proceeding. If you learn that the potential violation is unintentional, suggest remedies such as delaying action on the plan until there is adequate time for a participatory process, scheduling a number of participatory events quickly, publicizing the events well, and revising the plan accordingly. If the potential violation is intentional, this is a very serious situation because as planners we shall not accept an assignment from an employer when the service to be performed involves conduct that we know to be illegal (Rules of Conduct #2). It would then be a good idea to then discuss the situation further with the Ethics Officer. SOURCE: AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 25

The correct answer is (C) The three “E’s” of sustainability (environment, economy, and equity) are also referred to as the “triple bottom line” (people, prosperity, and planet), coined by John Elkington in 1995. SOURCES: PAS Report #571 (2013): Green Infrastructure: A Landscape Approach https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026895/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bottom_line

Answer 26

The correct answer is (D) FAR = floor area ratio = building area / lot area. A two story building built over an entire lot has a FAR of 2; if that Floor Area Ratio of 2 were to be totally built on only ½ of the site, it would still contain the same square footage, but now be 4 stories high. For the examples given: (A) = 6 story building; (B) = 15 story building; (C) = 12 story building; (D) = 20 story building. SOURCES: The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “Zoning District Regulations”, pp. 353, 356. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_area_ratio

Answer 27

The correct answer is (C) Complete Streets is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated, and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation. SOURCES: PAS Report #559 (2010): Complete Streets: Best Policy and Implementation Practices https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026883/ PAS QuickNote #5 (2006): Complete Streets https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007602/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_streets

Answer 28

The correct answer is (D) Economic base analysis is the study of cities and regions which focuses on basic service (export) ratios, the ratio of employment in basic activities to employment in non-basic activities which utilizes economic multipliers. Basic industries are defined as local or regional industries with an industry employment / total employment ratio higher than the national ratio for the industry (note: this known as Location Quotient and can include industries such as “Finance, insurance, and real estate”). Non-basic industries have a lower industry employment /total employment ratio than the nation. This varies with the size of community: the larger the community, the larger the multiplier (more places to spend money). Service economies can “export” the knowledge or service (e.g. Detroit and car manufacturing). Once basic employment is identified, the outlook for future basic employment is investigated sector by sector and future projections are made sector by sector. In turn, this permits the projection of future total employment in the region. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Economic Base and Econometric Projections” pp. 507- 508. The Planner’s Use of Information (2003); “Economic Models”, pp. 149-152. Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “Sizing up the local economy” pp. 80-84

Answer 29

The correct answer is (C) A census block is the smallest geographic unit used by the United States Census Bureau for tabulation of 100-percent data (data collected from all houses, rather than a sample of houses). Census blocks are grouped into block groups, which are grouped into census tracts. There are on average about 39 blocks per block group. Blocks are typically bounded by streets, roads or creeks. In cities, a census block may correspond to a city block, but in rural areas where there are fewer roads, blocks may be limited by other features. The population of a census block varies greatly from zero to hundreds, but has an average size of about 100 people. SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_block The Planner’s Use of Information (2003); p. 87. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/data/developers/geoareaconcepts.pdf https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2011/07/what-are-census-blocks.html

Answer 30

The correct answer is (D) Standards were written for the first transect-based zoning codes, eventually to become the SmartCode (released in 2003 by Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company). The six Transect Zones provide the basis for real neighborhood structure, which requires walkable streets, mixed use, transportation options, and housing diversity. The T-zones vary by the ratio and level of intensity of their natural, built, and social components. To systemize the analysis and coding of traditional patterns, a prototypical American ruralto-urban SmartCode transect has been divided into six Transect Zones, or T-zones (below), for application on zoning maps. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Transect-Based Code” pp. 602-603. http://www.transect.org/transect.html http://www.miami21.org/TheTransect.asp

Answer 31

The correct answer is (A) Fishbowls involve a small group of people (usually 5-8) seated in circle, having a conversation in full view of a larger group of listeners. Fishbowl processes provide a creative way to include the “public” in a small group discussion. They can be used in a wide variety of settings, including workshops, conferences, organizational meetings and public assemblies. Fishbowls are useful for ventilating “hot topics” or sharing ideas or information from a variety of perspectives. When the people in the middle are public officials or other decision-makers, this technique can help bring transparency to the decision-making process and increase trust and understanding about complex issues. In an open fishbowl, any member of the audience can, at any time, occupy the empty chair and join the fishbowl. When this happens, an existing member of the fishbowl must voluntarily leave the fishbowl and free a chair. The discussion continues with participants frequently entering and leaving the fishbowl. SOURCES: http://www.kstoolkit.org/Fish+Bowl https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishbowl_(conversation)

Answer 32

The correct answer is (D) After 1880, cotton production in the South began to grow and mills were opened in the South, some as branches of Northern operations. African-Americans, many of whom were familiar with technology unlike the Northern immigrants, staffed the cotton mills with cheap labor. The South's mill owners not only benefited from cheap labor, they also entered the textile industry at a time of unprecedented technological advancement. The mill owners incorporated the most modern machines into their factories which allowed them to increase production and cut labor costs. At the end of the nineteenth century, however, railroads helped open up the nearby coalfields in West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Alabama, and Tennessee. As mining companies grew, they produced coal that allowed textile mill owners to use steam engines. This increased the size of the mills and their level of production. The Southern textile industry relied in large part on the labor of children. Between 1880 and 1910, roughly a quarter of all textile workers were under the age of 16. Reformers eventually began to chip away at the use of child labor. But early efforts to curb the practice failed. Children did not disappear from the mills in the South until economic conditions and technological advancements made their labor more expensive than that of adults. African-Americans, many of whom were familiar with technology unlike the Northern immigrants, staffed the cotton mills with cheap labor. SOURCES: http://research.library.gsu.edu/c.php?g=115684&p=751981 https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/246

Answer 33

The correct answer is (C). Federal legislation passed in the early 1970s required the formation of a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for any urbanized area (UA) with a population greater than 50,000. MPOs were created in order to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transportation projects and programs were based on a continuing, cooperative and comprehensive (3-C) planning process. Federal funding for transportation projects and programs is channeled through the MPO. MPOs in air quality nonattainment and maintenance areas are required to ensure that emissions from transportation investments will not cause new violations or affect an area's schedule to attain the air quality standards. The Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1990 identifies the actions states and MPOs must take to reduce emissions from on-road mobile sources in nonattainment and maintenance areas. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Metropolitan Planning Organizations”, p. 102 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_planning_organization http://www.ampo.org/resources-publications/ampo-work-groups/air-quality/

Answer 34

The correct answer is (C) The basic foundation for planning and zoning in the U.S. was laid by two standard state enabling acts published by the U.S. Department of Commerce in the 1920s. The first of these, the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, was developed by an advisory committee on zoning appointed by Secretary of Commerce (and later President) Herbert Hoover, with the first printed edition in May 1924, and a revised edition in 1926. The SSZEA had nine sections, including a statement that zoning regulations must be “in conformance with a comprehensive plan” but did not define the term. SOURCES: PAS QuickNote #52 (October, 2014): The Local Comprehensive Plan https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007647/ SSZEA - https://www.planning.org/growingsmart/enablingacts.htm

Answer 35

The correct answer is (C). Universal design refers to broad-spectrum ideas meant to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible to both people without disabilities and people with disabilities. The term "Universal design" was coined by the architect Ronald L. Mace to describe the concept of designing all products and the built environment to be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by everyone, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life. Universal Design involves making our homes and cities accessible to all people. Seven principles of Universal Design include: 1. Equitable use 2. Flexible use 3. Intuitive use 4. Perceptible information 5. Tolerance for error 6. Low physical effort 7. Size and space for approach and use SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes #28 (October, 2010); Universal Design https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007625/ Zoning Practice (April, 2006); Zoning for Universal Design and Visitability https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9027797/ APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9148235/

Answer 36

The correct answer is (B) Translational research is used to describe studies that quickly and efficiently translate findings from basic research into practice. It is a third type of research that often bridges basic and applied research. SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/planning/2010/oct/research.htm http://www.planning.org/planning/2010/dec/research.htm

Answer 37

The correct answer is (C) The theory of state preeminence over local governments was expressed as Dillon's Rule in an 1868 case: "Municipal corporations owe their origin to, and derive their powers and rights wholly from, the legislature. It breathes into them the breath of life, without which they cannot exist. As it creates, so may it destroy. If it may destroy, it may abridge and control.” In other words, in a Dillon Rule state, local governments are devoid of authority absent an explicit delegation of power from the state. SOURCES: Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “Dillon’s Rule” pp. 66-67 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forrest_Dillon

Answer 38

The correct answer is (A) The Mugler v. Kansas (1887) Supreme Court decision held that a state’s legislation prohibiting the manufacture of intoxicating liquor within its jurisdiction does not infringe on any right or privilege secured by the Constitution of the United States, including the 14th amendment, was not a taking, and found that the authority for the statute strictly relied upon Kansas's police power. SOURCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugler_v._Kansas https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/123us623

Answer 39

The correct answer is (C) The Miami 21 Zoning Code is a Form-Based Code guided by tenets of New Urbanism and Smart Growth. Miami 21 has all the provisions that would be found in a typical zoning ordinance but goes further, addressing such important aspects as sustainability, view corridors, and solar access. Preservation of historic districts is included. A public benefits program gives developers additional density for affordable housing, meeting green building standards, or contributing to an open space trust fund. SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/planning/2011/apr/bestpractice.htm http://www.miami21.org/zoning_code.asp https://www.dpz.com/Projects/0425

Answer 40

The correct answer is (D) In 1929, Clarence Perry developed the neighborhood unit plan in response to the advent of the automobile and was also an attempt to identify the local community as a separate entity with its own qualities and needs. The neighborhood unit was to be distinct enclave, separate from the rest of the city. Perry's idea was to create homogeneous "superblocks" separating vehicular and pedestrian traffic; providing ample open space; and developing community life around the neighborhood school. Perry's concept was the basis for the development of the widely acclaimed plan for Radburn, New Jersey, which incorporated Perry's concepts - the superblock, interior park, higher density clustering near the parkland, and hierarchial traffic separation. Le Corbusier's "The Radiant City" (1935) envisioned a city laid out in a near perfect grid of superblocks, which became the basis for much of the public housing projects later built in the United States. SOURCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_block#Superblock https://www.northernarchitecture.us/town-planning/the-radburn-superblock.html

Answer 41

The correct answer is (B) Right-to-farm laws are designed to accomplish one or both of the following objectives: (1) to strengthen the legal position of farmers when neighbors sue them for private nuisance; and (2) to protect farmers from anti-nuisance ordinances and unreasonable controls on farming operations. In most states, “coming to the nuisance” does not necessarily prevent farm neighbors from winning in court, but a farmer usually has a stronger legal case if his or her operation was there before the plaintiff moved to the area. Right-to-farm laws give farmers a legal defense against nuisance suits; the strength of that defense depends on the provisions of the law and the circumstances of the case. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Farmland Preservation”, pp. 618-620 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-farm_laws APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/farmlandprotection/

Answer 42

The correct answer is (D) Based on the latest Census data: * The nation’s total population will cross the 400 million mark in 2058. * In 2034, for the first time, the older population, age 65 and over, is projected to outnumber the young under age 18 SOURCE: https://www2.census.gov/news/press-kits/2019/so-demographers-assocmeeting/presentations/demographic-turning-points-for-the-us-population-projections.pdf?# https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1144.pdf

Answer 43

The correct answer is (D) Rule of Conduct #12: We shall not misstate our education, experience, training, or any other facts which are relevant to our professional qualifications. The other options are all Aspirational Principles. SOURCE: AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 44

The correct answer is (C) A Charrette is an intensive, interactive problem solving process with meetings convened around the development of specific visual plans (sometimes called a “Design In”). Participants work intensely to reach a resolution during a 2-3 day or longer series of public workshops. The sponsoring agency typically establishes the goals and time limit, announcing them ahead of time. A facilitator helps bring out all points of view from concerned local residents as well as agency representatives and experts. A visual preference survey is a technique often used in conjunction with a charrette to assist the community in determining which components of a plan or project environment the public prefers visually. The technique utilizes the development of visual concepts of a proposed plan or project. Typical uses of visual preference surveys include helping the community define the preferences for architectural style, signs, building setbacks, landscaping, parking areas, size/scope of transportation facilities, surfaces finishes, and other design elements. The use of the Delphi technique and Task Force meetings are typically not held as public workshops. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Charrettes”, pp. 57-58 Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Visualization”, pp. 543-551 PAS Memo (November 2018); Crafting Charrettes That Transform Communities https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9161357/

Answer 45

The correct answer is (D) In economics, fixed costs, indirect costs or overheads are business expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced by the business. They tend to be time-related, such as salaries, insurance, taxes or rents being paid per month, and are often referred to as overhead costs. SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_cost http://www.teachmefinance.com/Financial_Terms/fixed_costs.html https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fixedcost.asp

Answer 46

The correct answer is (D) Donald Shoup argues in his paper and book that the oversupply of free parking (he estimates 99 percent of parking in the U.S. is free) is an enormous public subsidy that makes driving less expensive than it should be, further skewing travel choices. SOURCES: The High Price of Free Parking (preface) - http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/PrefaceHighCostFreeParking.pdf The Trouble with Minimum Parking Requirements - http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/Trouble.pdf https://medium.com/@anneygrish/modern-changes-to-u-s-parking-requirements-38dbfba49496

Answer 47

The correct answer is (C) Conditional use permits (alternatively: special use, special exception use, or special use permit) are appropriate instruments for siting uses a community considers essential, but may require special attention due to environmental threats. Zoning ordinances typically classify uses as either permitted by right, permitted with conditions, or prohibited in each zoning district. If a use is permitted by right, the proposed development is subject to administrative processes necessary to obtain building permits. Conditional uses, on the other hand, are subject to discretionary review. The governing body must determine whether or not the proposed use meets the conditional requirements specified in the zoning ordinance. A conditional use, unlike a prohibited use, is permitted if the specific requirements for the conditional use are met. Prohibited uses are not permitted unless relief from the zoning provisions (such as a variance) has been obtained. SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes (December 2012); Conditional Uses https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007637/

Answer 48

The correct answer is (D) Economic base analysis is the study of cities and regions which focuses on basic service (export) ratios, the ratio of employment in basic activities to employment in non-basic activities which utilizes economic multipliers. Basic industries are defined as local or regional industries with an industry employment / total employment ratio higher than the national ratio for the industry. Once basic employment is identified, the outlook for future basic employment is investigated sector by sector and future projections are made sector by sector. In turn, this permits the projection of future total employment in the region, and allows for the political determination of future development options (e.g. increased incentives for equestrian industries in your jurisdiction which is projected to be your basic industry). SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Economic Base and Econometric Projections” pp. 507- 508. The Planner’s Use of Information (2003); “Multipliers”, pp. 151-152. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_base_analysis

Answer 49

The correct answer is (C) Congestion pricing is the practice of charging motorists more to use a roadway, bridge or tunnel during periods of the heaviest use. Its purpose is to reduce automobile use during periods of peak congestion, thereby easing traffic and encouraging commuters to walk, bike or take mass transit as an alternative. SOURCES: http://www.planning.org/planning/2008/may/congestion.htm PAS Report #546/547 (July 2007); The Transportation/Land Use Connection: Revised Edition https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026872/ https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/congestionpricing/cp_what_is.htm

Answer 50

The correct answer is (B) Although the letter of the law might support limiting noticing only to City A properties, it would be presumptuous to assume that any impact on City B properties will not occur. Also, relying on City B staff may eliminate City B property owner’s actual notification and potential participation. SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes (December 2004); Public Notification of Land-Use Action https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007600/

Answer 51

The correct answer is (C) Ian McHarg set the standard for modern landscape architecture and planning with a design approach that made natural forms and processes paramount in the design process. Formerly, much landscape design and planning had occurred without regard to nature's inherent wisdom, instead introducing foreign manmade forms on the land without regard to natural context. Mr. McHarg employed a thorough inventory of existing conditions and program elements and a layering system which facilitated easier analysis and manipulation of these various layers of information. The design goal was intended to be holistic and in harmony with the land's natural forms and processes. SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McHarg https://www.planning.org/planning/2014/jun/reconsideringmcharg.htm https://www.citylab.com/perspective/2019/06/landscape-architecture-design-with-nature-ian-mchargbooks/590029/

Answer 52

The correct answer is (D) Scenario planning tools use the best in available technology (e.g. GIS, charrettes) to help citizens visualize different futures for their cities and regions, typically by taking inputs such as density, mixeduse development, and transportation nodes, together with population estimates, to show different outcomes, assess resilience or model hazard effects. SOURCES: PAS Memo (July 2019); How to Design Your Scenario Planning Process https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9180327/ APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/scenarioplanning/ JAPA - https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/document/JAPA-81-1-18-29.pdf

Answer 53

The correct answer is (A) FAR (floor area ratio) = building floor area sf / lot parcel sf. The 3-story building has a total of 30,000 square feet. The overall 1.4 acre site contains 60,984 square feet (1.4 acres x 43,560 sf/acre = 60,984 sf). For this site, the FAR is equivalent to 30,000 sf / 60,984 sf = 0.492 or approximately 0.5. SOURCES: The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “Zoning District Regulations”, pp. 353, 356. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_area_ratio

Answer 54

The correct answer is (A) Big data is defined as a collection of data that is too large and complex to be stored, transferred, shared, curated, and analyzed by traditional processing methods. Massive amounts of data are being generated by sensors, cell phones, tablets, GPS devices, retail rewards cards, and credit cards — as well as digital interactions like swiping a public transit card, texting, emailing, watching and posting online videos, shopping online, and using Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. As a tool, big data offers significant benefits for planners and others in the business of planning, managing, and improving cities: * More detailed data for enhanced, data-driven decisions. * A more efficient way to manage resources and evaluate existing programs and policies. * Near- or real-time analysis that allows users to see what's happening in cities (e.g., transportation) second by second. * Quantitative support in the form of statistics, models, maps, and simulations that planners can show city officials, developers, and others to demonstrate how and why they came to certain decisions. * New ways to cross-analyze and visualize datasets to gain new insights and identify new relationships. * Enhanced public-private partnerships to obtain, aggregate, analyze, and apply data to cities in ways that benefit all parties involved and ultimately improve the quality of urban life. Detroit in December 2013 and January 2014 actually utilized a smartphone app to enable 150 volunteers to survey Detroit's 375,000 land parcels for blight/vacancy over the course of about 30 working days by driving around, photographing properties, and texting photos and descriptions to a database in a process called "blexting" (blight + texting). Any Detroit resident can download the Blexting app and take an active role in surveying neighborhoods for vacant buildings and help keep the dataset up to date. SOURCES: PAS Report #585 (December 2016); Big Data and Planning https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9116397/ https://www.planning.org/planning/2015/apr/datadriven.htm https://www.planning.org/blog/blogpost/9122182/

Answer 55

The correct answer is (D) Post event evaluations help form the basis for successful future events, both through a lessons learned analysis, and public feedback concerning participants likes, dislikes, and problems they encountered. SOURCE: PAS Report #595 (June 2019); A Planner’s Guide to Meeting Facilitation https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9178119/

Answer 56

The correct answer is (B). The first explicit attempt to utilize the vaguely classical Beaux-Arts architectural style, which emerged as the “City Beautiful” movement” from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, was the Senate Park Commission's redesign of the monumental core of Washington D.C. to commemorate the city's centennial. The McMillan Plan of 1901-02, named for Senator James McMillan, the commission's liaison and principal backer in Congress, was the United States' first attempt at city planning. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “City Beautiful”, pp. 73-74 APA History Timeline - https://planning.org/timeline/ (HINT: pull timeline dates to 1902) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Plan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement

Answer 57

The correct answer is (C) Large lot subdivisions tend to be in rural areas, with lots often 5 acres or larger in size; tend to be expensive (so that first time buyers tend to be older); are typically exclusively residential (i.e. few jobs); and increase property values of the rural lands. SOURCES: https://www.canr.msu.edu/resources/the_problems_with_large_lot_zoning https://vnrc.org/community-planning-toolbox/tools/large-lot-zoning/ Rural by Design (2015); “Conventional Zoning as ‘Planned Sprawl’ ”, pp. 18-21 https://cfpub.epa.gov/watertrain/moduleFrame.cfm?parent_object_id=1285

Answer 58

The answer is (D) Unlike line-item budgets (Option B), which lists total departmental appropriations by items for which the city will spend funds, a program budget displays a series of “mini-budgets,” which show the cost of each of the activities that city departments perform. Program budgeting enables the city council and administrator to identify the total cost of each municipal service and set spending levels and priorities accordingly by program. (Option A) depicts Zero-Based budgeting. A five year capital improvements plan (Option C) can be used in all three budget types. SOURCES: Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “Budgetary approaches used in public agencies”, p. 421 The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); p. 417 https://efinancemanagement.com/budgeting/program-budget https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-based_budgeting

Answer 59

The correct answer is (A) Fiscal impact analysis is one of many tools that can be used by planners to make informed decisions about changes to land-use regulations or proposed development projects. Fiscal impact analysis is best used to determine whether a particular project or scale of development within a community will generate sufficient revenues to defray the necessary public service costs. It is typically used to evaluate overall financial implications to local governments of alternative patterns and densities of land development. SOURCES: PAS Report #561 (September, 2010); Fiscal Impact Analysis: Methodologies for Planners https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026994/ Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Fiscal Impact Analysis” pp. 518-520

Answer 60

The correct answer is (A) There are generally three types of categories allowed in permitted land uses: 1) Principal uses, these are uses that are allowed by right; 2) Accessory uses, these are land uses that are permitted only if they are incidental to the principal use; 3) Special uses, these are land uses allowed only by a special review. SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes (April, 2009); Accessory Dwelling Units APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/accessorydwellings/

Answer 61

The correct answer is (B) The 1980 Supreme Court case Agins v. City of Tiburon makes clear that a regulation that is not reasonably related to the police power by substantially advancing a legitimate government interest or causes a property to lose all economic value constitutes a taking. Note, however, that subsequently Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc. (2005), was a landmark case in United States regulatory takings law whereby the Court expressly overruled the precedent created in Agins v. City of Tiburon (1980) by striking down the “substantially advances” theory that had been established in Agins. SOURCES: APA Foundational Law Cases - https://www.planning.org/media/document/9173210/ Zoning Practice (August 2005); Score Four for Planning: The 2005 Supreme Court Decisions

Answer 62

The correct answer is (D) A Task Force is a governmental or agency sponsored committee with a specific task and charge related to a single problem or subject, in this case studying the “feasibility” of establishing a new community college. SOURCES: The Planner’s Use of Information (2003); “Task Force”, pp. 199, 208

Answer 63

The correct is (B) Once development rights have been purchased, the land is likely to stay in agricultural use indefinitely. Purchase of development rights (PDR) programs financially compensate willing landowners in exchange for retiring the development rights on their property. Typically, government or a non-profit like The Nature Conservancy obtains a legally binding conservation easement that permanently restricts development of the land. SOURCES: The Environmental Planning Handbook (2014); “Purchase of Development Rights”, pp. 435-440 Rural by Design (2015); “Purchasing Development Rights”, pp. 286-288 APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/farmlandprotection/ http://plannersweb.com/2004/01/purchase-of-development-rights-preserving-farmland-and-openspace/

Answer 64

The correct answer is (D) Budgets are generally characterized by annuality, which specifies that a budget is prepared every year, covering only one year, and executed over one year. It is therefore not standard procedure to carry over a line item remainder from one year to the next but rather to use those funds within the specified budget period. SOURCES: The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “Budgeting and Finance”, pp. 401-420 http://eccsf.ulbsibiu.ro/articole/vol81/811bobes.pdf

Answer 65

The correct answer is (D) A food desert is a geographic area where affordable & healthy food is difficult to obtain, particularly for those without access to an automobile. Food deserts often exist in rural areas and low-income, poor neighborhoods populated by ethnic or racial minorities that lack convenient access to affordable, healthful food. SOURCES: PAS Report #554 (October 2008); A Planners Guide to Community and Regional Food Planning https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026878/ PAS Memo (November 2015); Community Food Systems Assessments https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9121415/ http://www.planning.org/planning/2009/aug/whenaccess.htm APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/food/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert

Answer 66

The correct answer is (D) Utopianism holds that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that capture the public imagination. Some examples include Le Corbusier's “Contemporary City”; Ebenezer Howard's “Garden City”; Daniel Burnham's “White City”; and Frank Lloyd Wright's “Broadacre City”. Each of these "visionary" plans has as its underlying purpose the improvement of mankind's urban experience through extensive major changes in conventional methods, and is most often associated with a single visionary. Charles Lindblom is known for his planning theory of “Incrementalism” that steps in the planning process are accomplished by many small incremental changes (i.e. The “Science of Muddling Through”). Such incremental planning is a mixture of intuition, experience, rules of thumb, and various other techniques combined with an endless series of consultations to produce results. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Planning Movements” pp. 68-96 https://www.txplanning.org/media/files/page/Planning_Theory_and_Demographics.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incrementalism

Answer 67

The correct answer is (C) The first thing to do might be to carefully review the data and procedures used in the analysis for accuracy and completeness (Ethical Principle 1). You should document everything during this entire process such as the date and nature of your supervisor’s request and the sources of data used to draw the conclusion that the consultant’s price is too high. Then write your report and submit it to your supervisor. SOURCE: https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 68

The correct answer is (B) The City Humane Movement developed as a result of the Great Depression of the 1930s. It concentrated on social, housing and economic issues, and ways of alleviating the problems of unemployment, poverty, and urban plight. SOURCES: CPC PLANNING HISTORY TIMELINE - https://planning-org-uploadedmedia.s3.amazonaws.com/document/CPC-Planning-History-Timeline-2019.pdf http://www.cityofbenson.com/vertical/sites/%7BF59197D1-30ED-49AE-8751- 2EBA89C105BA%7D/uploads/pzhandbook_email.pdf http://www.csun.edu/~schoi/urbs310_planninghistory_wk6.pdf

Answer 69

The correct answer is (B) Clarence Perry lived in Forest Hills Garden in Queens, NY and published an essay on the concept of the neighborhood unit in 1929. Forest Hill Gardens, developed by Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr., in 1911, inspired the neighborhood unit concept. Perry defined a neighborhood as a self-contained area within a 5-minute walking radius, bounded by major streets with shops at the intersection and a school in the middle. Kevin Lynch wrote Image of the City in 1960. Ian McHarg wrote Design with Nature in 1969. Lewis Mumford wrote Culture of Cities in 1929. SOURCES: The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “The sustainable neighborhood unit”, pp. 269-270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_unit Journal of the American Planning Association (March 2010); “School Siting”, 76:2, pp. 184-198

Answer 70

The correct answer is (B) In accounting, book value is the value of an asset according to its balance sheet account balance. For assets, the value is based on the original cost of the asset less any depreciation, amortization or impairment costs made against the asset. Book value literally means the value of the business according to its "books" or financial statements. In this case, book value is calculated from the balance sheet, and it is the difference between a company's total assets and total liabilities. Market value is the value of a company according to the stock market. Market value is calculated by multiplying a company's shares outstanding by its current market price. The difference between market value and book value can depend on various factors such as the company's industry, the nature of a company's assets and liabilities, and the company's specific attributes. SOURCES: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bookvalue.asp#ixzz42ukosNdS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_value

Answer 71

The correct answer is (B) Rule of Conduct 4 states that “We shall not, as salaried employees, undertake other employment in planning or a related profession, whether or not for pay, without having made full written disclosure to the employer who furnishes our salary and having received subsequent written permission to undertake additional employment, unless our employer has a written policy which expressly dispenses with a need to obtain such consent.” Option III is an Aspirational Principle, but is coupled with an incorrect option. SOURCE: https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 72

The correct answer is (A) A food desert is any area in the industrialized world where healthy, affordable food is difficult to obtain. Food deserts are prevalent in rural as well as urban areas and are most prevalent in low-socioeconomic minority communities. They are associated with a variety of diet-related health problems. Food deserts are also linked with supermarket shortage. SOURCES: APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/food/ PAS Memo (November 2015); Community Food System Assessments https://planning.org/publications/document/9121415/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert

Answer 73

The correct answer is (C) Ebenezer Howard (1850-1920) published Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898; it was reissued as Garden Cities of Tomorrow in 1902. A Garden City includes about 6,000 acres of land and is surrounded by a rural agricultural or open space belt. The first Garden Cities were in England: Letchworth in 1903 and Welwyn Garden in 1919. New Towns are a successor to Garden Cities. The New Towns of Columbia, Maryland, and Reston, Virginia, were built in the United States after World War II. A Planned Unit Development (PUD) is planned and developed as a single entity containing residential and non-residential development such as public, commercial or industrial areas. PUDs allow for greater flexibility in locating buildings, combining land uses, and including open space than traditional development patterns. Suburban developments are located on the periphery of urban areas and are not associated with Ebenezer Howard. Riverside, Illinois, is considered the earliest example of suburban development. Riverside is located outside Chicago and was developed in 1868 by Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Garden Cities”, pp. 71-72 Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); pp. 10, 47 The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “Garden suburbs and garden cities”, pp. 311-312. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement

Answer 74

The correct answer is (C) McHarg wrote Design with Nature and used transparent Mylar layers to show land use suitability for development. John Reps wrote The Making of Urban America. Roger Tomlinson is known as the “Father of GIS”. Erich Fromm is a social psychologist/sociologist well known for the Critical Theory. SOURCES: The Environmental Planning Handbook (2014); “The McHarg Layers Approach”; pp. 622-623. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitability_model

Answer 75

The correct answer is (B) Parklets are miniature parks, effectively sited on underused public pavement such as parking spaces and serving as an extension of the sidewalk to provide amenities and green space for people using the street. The basic parklet is a platform with benches, chairs, and planters. A pocket park is a small park accessible to the general public, often created on a single vacant building lot or on small, irregular pieces of land. SOURCES: PAS Memo (September 2016); Parklets: Best Practices for Design and Implementation https://planning.org/publications/document/9110602/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parklet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_park

Answer 76

The correct answer is (C) Advocacy Planning has an assumption that there is no common, overall, or identified public interest to be served. But instead the planner serves a variety of groups with often diverse and opposing interests and goals. A planner should serve a given group (client) and do so openly. “Fishbowl Planning” is a type of public participation technique that allows citizens to address themselves to proposals through workshop formats; an “Alinsky Organization” typically has a paid organizer, but not necessarily a planner, involved in citizen organizing with a basic philosophy that power is the basis for successfully negotiating for economic and political gains; the “Ladder of Citizen Participation”, developed by Sherry Arnstein, defines citizen participation in terms of the amount of control citizens have over policy decisions. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Advocacy and Equity Planning”, pp. 82-83 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_planning

Answer 77

The correct answer is (D) The typical components of a form-based code include: 1. Building Form Standards: Building form standards are form-based zone standards that replace the existing zone standards. They are the core component of an FBC and typically regulate the configuration, features, and functions (uses) for buildings that define and shape the public realm. To be the most effective, their content should be generated primarily by community character documentation as opposed to the preexisting zone standards for each area. 2. Regulating Plan: A regulating plan is the map assigning the code’s various standards to physical locations, including the form-based zone standards. It replaces the zoning map in a form-based code. In a citywide form-based code it is the same as the zoning map and will have form-based and non-form-based zones on it. It is usually applied in a more fine-grained manner than a zoning map, taking existing and intended form into account. 3. Frontage Type Standards: Frontage type standards regulate the appropriate transition from the private realm to the public realm. The ultimate intent of frontage standards is to ensure, after a building is located correctly, that its interface with the public realm and the transition between the two are detailed appropriately. 4. Public Space Standards: Public space standards are specifications for the elements within the public realm, including thoroughfares and civic spaces. Thoroughfare standards incorporate detailed requirements for sidewalk, parking lane, and travel lane widths and street tree locations. Civic space standards regulate parameters, such as maximum and minimum size, and introduce a range of nonsuburban civic space types into a city or town. 5. Building Type Standards: Many FBCs include building type standards that are supplemental to the building form standards. They introduce an appropriate range of building types that are allowed within each form-based zone and regulate form characteristics specific to each type. To be effectively regulated, especially when applied at a larger scale, building type standards should be tied back directly to zone standards. A common misconception is that form-based codes do not regulate land use. While form-based coding uses form rather than use for its framework or organizing principle, form-based codes are not silent on use and do include use tables. The use regulations simply become tertiary to the form standards instead of being the primary regulation, and they are simplified and vetted by the code writer so as not to compromise the intent of the form-based code. SOURCES: APA Knowledge Center - https://planning.org/knowledgebase/formbasedzoning/ Zoning Practice (May 2013), “Avoiding Common Form-Based Code Mistakes, Part 1” https://planning.org/publications/document/9006903/ Zoning Practice (April 2018), Living with Your Form-Based Code https://planning.org/publications/document/9146484/

Answer 78

The correct answer is (B) In Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974), the court upheld this prohibition; Belle Terre is near the State University of NY at Stony Brook and the intent of the regulation was apparently to keep more than two unrelated students from renting a house together. In Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977), the city told a grandmother that she could not have her grandchildren live with her because they were not a family; the court did not uphold this interpretation. In TVA v. Hill (1978), the court stopped the development of a dam because of the endangered snail darter fish. The April v. City of Broken Arrow (1989) case concerned floodplain regulations which the court upheld as not being a taking because they pertain to public safety. SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_of_Belle_Terre_v._Boraas https://www.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-191

Answer 79

The correct answer is (C) Bias is the systematic error resulting in deviation in estimates of population parameters caused by faulty design and/or deficient execution of sampling process. The bias is not a result of sample size and hence increasing the sample size will not reduce bias in estimates. The two broad types of bias include Measurement Bias (i.e. errors occurring during real time sampling) and Non-representative sampling Bias (often intentional, “selection bias” = due to not implementing random methods during the selection process, which results in either inadequate or excess representation of some elements in the population, sometimes encouraged by survey sponsors to project their interest in the sample inference). SOURCES: The Planner’s Use of Information (2003); “Types of Errors”, p. 63. https://www.d8aspring.com/blog/4-types-of-biases-in-online-surveys-and-how-to-address-them https://www.leadquizzes.com/blog/types-of-bias-in-research/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics)

Answer 80

The correct answer is (B) Planning for climate change is an example of a “wicked problem” - a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize. Moreover, because of complex interdependencies, the effort to solve one aspect of a wicked problem may reveal or create other problems, and the issue becomes difficult to build consensus on. SOURCES: Journal of the American Planning Association (Autumn, 2010); “Planning for Climate Change: Assessing Progress and Challenges”, 76:4, pp. 389-401 https://planning.org/blog/blogpost/9100678/ https://planning.org/blog/blogpost/9101319/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_problem

Answer 81

The correct answer is (A) Federal grants-in-aid to begin local planning began with Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954. Section 701 established the first federal matching funds for local comprehensive plans (but only for communities of less than 25,000 people). Section 701 plans were to be coordinated by state planning offices. SOURCES: APA History Timeline - https://planning.org/timeline/ (HINT: pull timeline dates to 1954) APA-PA GUIDE http://planningpa.org/wp-content/uploads/career_aicp_pdc_study.pdf (pp. 96,102) http://plannersweb.com/2007/10/c-comprehensive-plan/

Answer 82

The correct answer is (B) A “smart city” uses information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize citizen engagement, service delivery, and systems performance. The term has been around since the 1990s, includes technologies such as automated car systems, intelligent digital signage, smart grids, cloud services, home energy management, and can result in cost efficiencies, resilient infrastructure, and an improved urban experience. SOURCES: APA-TEXAS - https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/document/Introduction-SmartCities-APA-TX-2016.pdf APA on the radar - https://planning.org/ontheradar/smartcities/ APA Knowledge Center - https://planning.org/knowledgebase/smartcities/ https://planning.org/planning/2019/mar/smartcities/

Answer 83

The correct answer is (D) These are some of the methods planners may use to assess or evaluate a plan. Planning research should be followed by clarification of goals and objectives. Steps for plan implementation are then identified and the plan is enacted. Finally, the plan is evaluated (reviewed) and possibly revised. SOURCES: The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “Conclusion: Evaluating plans”, pp. 37-39. APA Knowledge Center - https://planning.org/knowledgebase/indicators/

Answer 84

The correct answer is (C) From 1969 to 1979, Cleveland’s city planning staff under Norman Krumholz’s leadership conducted a unique experiment in equity oriented planning. Fighting to defend the public welfare while also assisting the city’s poorest citizens, these planners combined professional competence and political judgment to bring pressing urban issues to the public’s attention. Paul Davidoff — who coined the term "advocacy planning" — instructed that "Planning action cannot be prescribed from a position of value neutrality." Cleveland planning director Norman Krumholtz illustrated this concept (and created the concept of equity planning) in 1975 when he set the department's overriding goal as "providing a wide range of choices for those Cleveland residents who have few, if any, choices." SOURCES: https://planning.org/apanews/9192655/in-memoriam-norman-krumholz/ https://www.planning.org/planning/2015/dec/viewpoint.htm http://teachingcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/NormKrumholz_and_Equity_Planning_in_Cleveland-final.pdf APA History Timeline - https://planning.org/timeline/ (HINT: pull timeline dates to 1975)

Answer 85

The correct answer is (B) Rule of Conduct #6 states: “We shall not perform work on a project for a client or employer if, in addition to the agreed upon compensation from our client or employer, there is a possibility for direct personal or financial gain to us, our family members, or persons living in our household, unless our client or employer, after full written disclosure from us, consents in writing to the arrangement.” SOURCE: https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 86

The correct answer is (D) The Fred F. French Investing Co. v. City of New York (1976), involved a rezoning of land to public park use, which was accompanied by a grant to its owners of transferable development rights (TDRs) which could be used anywhere within a designated "receiving zone." However, there was little to no market for TDR use at the receiving site. The Court of Appeals reaffirmed the general rule that an owner may not, under the guise of zoning, be deprived of all but a "bare residue" of the economic value of his property. The Court went on to say that, in this case, severance of the development rights did not adequately preserve an economic return for the owner since the market for them was too uncertain and their transfer was mandatory. In Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York (1978), the designation of Grand Central Terminal as a protected historic landmark was at issue. The specific issue affecting TDRs concerned a provision of the city Historic Preservation regulation which granted to the owner of the landmark the right to transfer the development rights above the terminal (i.e. “air rights”) to other parcels of land in the vicinity. The Court noted that In the Penn Central case (as opposed to Fred French Investing), the regulations permitted continued productive use of the property as a railroad terminal and permitted use of the development rights at a site where they had value: "These substitute rights are valuable, and provide significant, perhaps 'fair,' compensation for the loss of rights above the Terminal itself." The Penn Central case is significant for its recognition of the concept of transferable development rights, for its utilization of their value in determining whether land use restrictions are valid, and for the upholding of New York City’s Landmark historic preservation law. SOURCES: http://www.dos.ny.gov/lg/publications/Transfer_of_Development_Rights.pdf APA Foundational Law Cases - https://www.planning.org/media/document/9173210/ http://www.planning.org/divisions/planningandlaw/propertytopics.htm#Transfer

Answer 87

The correct answer is (B) Paul Davidoff, active in the 1960s, is credited with creating “advocacy planning”, which seeks to correct social injustices in part by giving all participants equal footing in the planning process. Sherry Arnstein created the Ladder of Citizen Participation in the 1960s. Saul Alinsky was a community organizer and recognized leader in both the literature and in practice. Jane Jacobs was active in the 1960s, but she did not advocate for public engagement. Her work was in placemaking and protecting vibrant neighborhoods like her Greenwich Village neighborhood. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Advocacy and Equity Planning”, pp. 82-83 Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “The Social Psychology of Place”, p. 87 APA History Timeline - https://planning.org/timeline/ (HINT: pull timeline dates to 1961, 1965, 1969) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Alinsky https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobs

Answer 88

The correct answer is (D) The federal Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) prohibits the imposition of certain burdens on churches and other religious institutions as a way to avoid burdensome zoning law restrictions on their property use: “No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including a religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that [the land use regulation is] in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest [and] is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.” Addressing RLUIPA restrictions, courts have generally upheld that general zoning and land-use restrictions apply to everyone (e.g. parking & traffic impacts); that churches may be excluded from some districts (and need to comply with associated building codes); and that general review processes apply to everyone. SOURCES: Zoning Practice (October 2010) Religious Institutions http://www.planning.org/planning/2012/nov/changingchurch.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act

Answer 89

The correct answer is (D) SOURCES: http://citizenshandbook.org/arnsteinsladder.html http://pages.uoregon.edu/rgp/PPPM613/class10theory.htm Original article - https://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html

Answer 90

The correct answer is (C) Upon reading the introduced bill, if no objection heard, the bill is then referred to the appropriate committee. Bills may be referred to more than one committee and it may be split so that parts are sent to different committees. Once passed in one house of the Legislature, the bill is sent to the other house for consideration. If the other house passes a different version of the bill, the bill may be subject to a conference committee to develop a compromise before going back to both houses for a vote. Most states follow a similar procedure, and Congress’s procedures are also similar. SOURCES: https://www.flsenate.gov/About/HowAnIdeaBecomesALaw https://www.flsenate.gov/PublishedContent/ADMINISTRATIVEPUBLICATIONS/idea-to-law.pdf (Federal) https://votesmart.org/education/how-a-bill-becomes-law#.WdL-hjCQzIU (Federal) https://www.usa.gov/how-laws-are-made

Answer 91

The correct answer is (B) The three correct standards of (A), (C), and (D)are directly from THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR’S STANDARDS FOR REHABILITATION. Option (B) is incorrect as (1) Not all archaeological resources must be protected – only ones deemed to have significant archaeological value; and (2) both protection in place AND proper archaeological excavation are usually viable options for the protection of significant archaeological resources. The actual standard reads “Significant archeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken”. SOURCE: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Historic Structures”, pp. 627-630. https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/rehabilitation/rehab/stand.htm

Answer 92

The correct answer is (C). Absent a clear rule of conduct to the contrary, the planner’s action in this scenario appears justifiable. The planner did not engage in discussions with planning participants on matters on which they had decision making authority over, so Rule of Conduct 8 (Answer A) doesn’t apply. Likewise, the planner didn’t undertake discussions with decision makers, so Rule of Conduct 9 (Answer B) doesn’t apply. It’s unclear, but unlikely, that a public development project would be requested to be held inviolate and confidential so Rule of Conduct 7 (Answer D) also is unlikely to apply. Rule of Conduct 1 (Answer C, first part) would seem to require that the information be provided as it involves a planning issue and is consistent with a planner’s primary obligation to serve the public interest (Answer C, second part). SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/ The Ethical Planning Practitioner (2015); Based on Scenario #37, p. 59

Answer 93

The correct answer is (C) RLUIPA cautions local governments not to “substantially burden” a religious land-use applicant’s right to free exercise. To date, the courts have generally found that the government did not substantially burden the religious land-use applicant in three broad categories where: 1. General zoning and land-use restrictions apply to everyone. EXAMPLE: Establishing a minimum 1,000-foot buffer requirement between nonagricultural, nonresidential uses in an agricultural district “to protect, preserve, and enhance the rural character and lifestyle of existing low-density areas and agricultural use” 2. Churches are excluded from some districts. EXAMPLE: Excluding all religious institutions from the central business district 3. General review processes apply to everyone. EXAMPLE: Requiring religious homeless shelters to comply with the town’s building code (like everyone else) PROBLEMATIC: Establishing a conditional use approval process that applies only to certain religious institutions (e.g. Mosques), thereby treating them differently than churches, etc. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000”, p. 586 Zoning Practice (October 2010); What Constitutes a ‘Substantial Burden’ Under RLUIPA? https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9006935/ Zoning Practice(September 2008); The Zoning of Religious Institutions in the Wake of RLUIPA https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9027708/

Answer 94

The correct answer is (A) Advocacy planning highlights the importance of a planner in leading/advocating for a community in a planning process. Citizen control, Samoan Circle, and Alinsky Organization all place the citizen/public as the central and leading party in the public participation. SOURCE: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Advocacy and Equity Planning”, p. 82

Answer 95

The correct answer is (A) The Delphi technique is a structured public participation method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts (e.g. APA planners). The experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds. After each round, a facilitator provides an anonymous summary of the experts’ forecasts from the previous round as well as the reasons they provided for their judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. SOURCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method https://icma.org/sites/default/files/305431_IAP2%20Public%20Participation%20Toolbox.pdf

Answer 96

The correct answer is (B) The art gallery work is not “employment in planning or a related profession.” Rule of Conduct 4 states that “We shall not, as salaried employees, undertake other employment in planning or a related profession, whether or not for pay, without having made full written disclosure to the employer who furnishes our salary and having received subsequent written permission to undertake additional employment, unless our employer has a written policy which expressly dispenses with a need to obtain such consent.” SOURCE: https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 97

The correct answer is (B) Patrick Geddes, the Father of Regional Planning, wrote Cities in Evolution in 1915, which was the basis for his ideas on regional planning. Lewis Mumford, was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a writer, and was heavily influenced by the work of Scottish theorist Sir Patrick Geddes, after whom he named his son “Geddes”. The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) was formed by Clarence Stein as an urban reform association in 1923. Stein, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing, and Henry Wright were the essential backbone of the RPAA. Mumford contributed to the group by sharing his interest of Patrick Geddes’ ideas on regional development and planning, and contributed his concepts of “a dispersed yet concentrated urban culture integrated with nature” which were integrated along with MacKaye’s concepts into the RPAA’s later projects. He wrote both The Culture of Cities and The City in History, which won the 1962 U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction. SOURCES: APA History Timeline - https://planning.org/timeline/ (HINT: pull timeline dates to 1915, 1923) http://www.academia.edu/1161406/From_Patrick_Geddes_to_Lewis_Mumford_and_Beyond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Regionalism 1910-1940”, pp. 77-78

Answer 98

The correct answer is (D) Large scale federal aid programs did not begin until the 1930s and were implemented to spur recovery from the Great Depression. In 1900, population density in Manhattan averaged 100000 per square mile. Although there were few automobiles, this nevertheless led to congested streets. By 1990, it averaged 68,000 people per square mile. The crowding and haphazard development of many nineteenth century cities gave rise to a series of reform movements, the most significant being the sanitation and housing reform movements. SOURCES: Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “Planning in the New Deal and Beyond”, pp. 14-17 APA History Timeline - https://planning.org/timeline/ (HINT: pull timeline dates to 1933)

Answer 99

The correct answer is (B) Answer (B) is the only aspirational principle here; the others are all rules of conduct for which we are held accountable. SOURCE: https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 100

The correct answer is (B) Pop-Up Urbanism, Tactical Urbanism, and Temporary Urbanism refer to the use of temporary urban infill projects. The idea has its roots in urban tactics from the World's Fairs of yesteryear to Christo's public art installations to of-the-moment interventions such as yarn bombing, guerilla gardening, and turning abandoned pay phones into mini-libraries. SOURCES: PAS QuickNotes (October 2015), Tactical Urbanism https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9007653/ APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/tacticalurbanism/ http://www.planning.org/planning/2011/apr/60urbanisms.htm http://www.planning.org/planning/2012/nov/frompopup.htm https://www.planning.org/planning/2015/jul/tactical.htm

Answer 101

The correct answer is (B) John Nolen’s design of the Village of Mariemont in Cincinnati drew its inspiration from the English Garden City and originated many of the "new urbanism" concepts being replicated by communities throughout the nation today, as did other subsequent developments by John Nolen in Florida. SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2008/mariemont.htm http://www.mariemontlifestyle.com/mary-emery-vision/ http://cnuflorida.org/resources/new-urbanism-florida-articles/the-roots-of-new-urbanism-john-nolensgarden-city-vision-for-florida/

Answer 102

The correct answer is (B) The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a technique used for complex projects with many inter-related activities. CPM models the activities of a project as a network and shows which activities are critical to the project and which are not. It is also useful to show what activities must be completed before others can begin. SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_method https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee320/CEE320B/CPM.pdf

Answer 103

The correct answer is (A) FAR = floor area ratio = building area / lot area. The FARs for (A) = 5 [20 acres of building/4 acre lot]; (B) = 4 [4 story bldg. on ¼ acre/ ¼ acre]; (C) = 4 [12 acres of building/3 acre lot]; (D) = 2 [2 story bldg. on ½ acre / ½ acre]. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Density”, p. 198 The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “Zoning District Regulations”, pp. 353, 356. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_area_ratio

Answer 104

The correct answer is (B) A standard United States Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps are those of the 7.5-minute by 7.5 minute, 1:24,000-scale quadrangle series. At a scale of 1:24,000, one inch on a USGS quad represents 24,000 inches or 2,000 feet. A 2-inch by 3-inch square would be 4,000 feet on one side and 6,000 feet on the other side and include an area of 24 million square feet, equal to 550.96 acres (43,560 sq. feet/acre), or less than one section (i.e. 640 acres). SOURCES: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0015/report.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey

Answer 105

The correct answer is (A) The basic foundation for planning and zoning in the U.S. was laid by two standard state enabling acts published by the U.S. Department of Commerce in the 1920s. The second of these, the Standard City Planning Enabling Act, was developed by an advisory committee appointed by Secretary of Commerce (and later President) Herbert Hoover, with the first printed edition in March 1927, and a final edition published in 1928. The SCPEA covered six topics including the control of private subdivision of land (i.e. subdivision regulations): 1. The organization and power of the Planning Commission, who were to develop a Master Plan 2. The content of the Master Plan 3. Provisions for the adoption of a Master Street Plan 4. Provisions for approval of all public improvements 5. Control of the private subdivision of land 6. Provisions for the establishment of a Regional Planning Commission and a Regional Plan SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/growingsmart/enablingacts.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivision_(land)#History Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “The Standard City Planning Enabling Act”, p. 35 Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Standard City Planning Enabling Act”, p. 589

Answer 106

The correct answer is (C) Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey maps identify soil types. The best known USGS maps are the 1:24,000-scale topographic maps, which use contour lines (lines of equal elevation) to portray the size, shape, and elevation of the features. An aerial photo does not have a uniform scale and cannot be used to measure distances, but an orthophoto quad is a uniform-scale image and may be used to measure distance and may serve as a base map. Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) may use orthophotos as base maps to identify land that has at least a 1% chance of flooding in any year. SOURCE: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/?cid=nrcs142p2_053375

Answer 107

The correct answer is (B) The term “tokenism” refers to public participation that is insincere and may not have any bearing on the work at hand. In tokenism, public participation is done simply for the sake of saying it was included in the process, not for the purpose of influencing the process. Tokenism forms the middle three rungs of Sherry Arnstein’s well-known “Ladder of Citizen Participation” (i.e. Informing, Consultation and Placation). SOURCES: https://www.participatorymethods.org/sites/participatorymethods.org/files/Arnstein%20ladder%20196 9.pdf https://www.planning.org/blog/9185753/building-that-well-known-ladder-of-citizen-participation/ http://citizenshandbook.org/arnsteinsladder.html

Answer 108

The correct answer is (B). Asking citizens to comment on a report that has been finalized and printed provides no real opportunity for meaningful public input on the development of the study. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Participation”, pp. 46-67. https://www.planning.org/blog/9192397/ladder-to-more-meaningful-community-participation/

Answer 109

The correct answer is (B) The designation of a historic district and the imposition of special architectural controls are ways to integrate historic-preservation controls into a zoning ordinance. This regulates the treatment of historic buildings rather than depending on voluntary or informational means alone. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Historic Structures”, pp. 627-630. APA Policy Guide (1997) – Historic and Cultural Resources https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/historic.htm PAS QuickNotes (December 2019), Historic Preservation Planning https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9190147/

Answer 110

The correct answer is (B) Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) funds surface transportation programs at over $105 billion for fiscal years FY 2013 and 2014. A new grant program will fund community-led planning for neighborhood revitalization around transit lines, A major increase in federally backed loans, known as TIFIA, could help regions that raise their own transportation funds and stretch those dollars farther, and a new passenger ferry facilities funding program. SOURCES: http://t4america.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/MAP-21-Handbook-Web.pdf https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/summaryinfo.cfm

Answer 111

The correct answer is (A) The site plan review process varies from community to community, but of the boards noted above, the Planning Commission is the most likely board to conduct or, at least, coordinate the industrial park's site plan review. It is possible, however, that all of the agencies noted above are involved, to some degree, in the site plan review. SOURCES: SSZEA - https://www.planning.org/growingsmart/enablingacts/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “Zoning participants and procedures”, p. 290

Answer 112

The correct answer is (C) In a 5-4 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the majority held that the city's taking of private property to sell for private development qualified as a "public use" within the meaning of the takings clause. Kelo v. City of New London did not establish entirely new law concerning eminent domain. Although the decision was controversial, it was not the first time “public use” had been interpreted by the Supreme Court as “public purpose”. In the majority opinion, Justice Stevens wrote the "Court long ago rejected any literal requirement that condemned property be put into use for the general public" [i.e. Berman v. Parker (1954)]. However, public reaction to the decision was highly unfavorable. As a result, many states changed their eminent domain laws. Prior to the Kelo decision, only eight states specifically prohibited the use of eminent domain for economic development except to eliminate blight. Since the decision, forty-four states have amended their eminent domain laws. Of those states, 22 enacted laws that severely inhibited the takings allowed by the Kelo decision, while the rest enacted laws that place some limits on the power of municipalities to invoke eminent domain for economic development. The remaining eight states have not passed laws to limit the power of eminent domain for economic development. SOURCES: PAS Report #535 (2005): Four Supreme Court Land-Use Decisions of 2005: Separating Fact from Fiction https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026863/ https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/looking-back-ten-years-after-kelo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London

Answer 113

The correct answer is (B) Nevada was the fastest-growing state between 2000 and 2010, growing by 35.1 percent (see Table 1 in link below). It was followed by Arizona (24.6 percent), Utah (23.8 percent), Idaho (21.1 percent), and Texas (20.6 percent). SOURCE: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf

Answer 114

The correct answer is (B) The key to this response is this: “…prior to drafting the plan”. To be efficient and effective with civic engagement, participation must be incorporated early in, and throughout, the process. Once the plan is drafted, the course of the plan already has a form and momentum; pubic engagement in the process needs to occur before the plan is drafted, possibly through a visioning exercise to develop ideas from the citizens of what they’d like the plan to address and accomplish. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Participation”, pp. 46-67. https://www.planning.org/blog/9185753/building-that-well-known-ladder-of-citizen-participation/

Answer 115

The correct answer is (A) Among all 366 metro areas, Palm Coast, FL, was the fastest-growing between 2000 and 2010 (up 92.0 percent); Las Vegas grew by 41.8% and Houston by 26.1%. The Villages, located to the west of the Orlando metro area, grew by 5.4 percent between July 1, 2013, and July 1, 2014, to reach a population of about 114,000, and was the nation's fastest growing metro area from 2013 to 2014, according to U.S. Census Bureau metropolitan statistical area, micropolitan statistical area and county population estimates released in 2015. SOURCES: https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2015/cb15-56.html

Answer 116

The correct answer is (C) The Walk Score algorithm awards points based on the distance to the closest amenity in each category. If the closest amenity in a category is within ¼ mile, the maximum number of points is awarded. The number of points declines as the distance approaches 1 mile — no points are awarded for amenities further than 1 mile away. Relevant amenities include businesses, parks, theaters, schools and other common destinations. SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_Score

Answer 117

The correct answer is (D) As the Planning Director, you should inform the Planning Commission about your connection to the petitioner as well as the case, and remove yourself from the planning review process. There could be a perceived conflict of interest if you were a deciding factor in the review and approval of the project. SOURCES: FROM APA-CO 2016 online AICP exam question set: http://www.apacolorado.org/sites/default/files/Spring%20AICP%20Prep%20Practice%20Test%202016% 20FINAL%20KEY.pdf AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 118

The correct answer is (C) The Latin maxim that one land owner may not use his land in such a way as to interfere with his neighbor's use is a basic underpinning of the law of nuisance. A land owner is under a duty not to interfere with his neighbor's use and enjoyment of his land. The reverse is also true: his neighbor is similarly obligated. Common law principles of nuisance were used by individuals on a case-by-case basis to restrict injurious land use practices since the late 1600's. An obvious problem with relying on nuisance principles to control land use activities was (and remains) the fact that an activity can rarely be declared a nuisance prospectively. This limitation, coupled with the problems associated with adjudicating every nuisance one by one, led, eventually, to modern forms of land use control in the United States. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Nuisance”, p. 557 The Practice of Local Government Planning (2000); “Nuisance”, p. 371. APA Policy Guide (1995) – Takings https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/takings.htm

Answer 119

The correct answer is (B) Option “I” may violate the dual nexus tests of Nollan and Dolan by requiring new development to be TOTALLY responsible for ALL needed infrastructure, which may exceed the “rough proportionality” of their impacts (e.g. a project may be projected to only impact 5% of the roadway capacity of a new roadway improvement). Option “III” may be illegal. SOURCES: Zoning Practice (July 2012), Zoning for Accessory Housing https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9006913/ PAS Report #561 (2010); Fiscal Impact Analysis: Methodologies for Planners, p. 5 https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026994/ Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); pp. 216-217

Answer 120

The correct answer is (C) Cincinnati was the first city in the United States to have a comprehensive plan approved by a City Council. The plan was begun in 1922 and finished in 1925. It was led by Alfred Bettman, a Cincinnati lawyer; Ladislas Segoe, an immigrant planner from Hungary. The plan was the first comprehensive plan to be officially adopted by a planning commission of a major U.S. city. SOURCES: https://www.planning.org/awards/landmarks/#Ohio https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Plan_for_Cincinnati#1925:_Official_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cincinnati APA History Timeline - https://planning.org/timeline/ (HINT: pull timeline dates to 1925)

Answer 121

The correct answer is (C) The above requirement is a debt limitation law, requiring that the county not incur indebtedness in any year that exceeds its income and revenue for that year. SOURCES: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/93461/sustainable-budgeting-in-the-states_2.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_budget

Answer 122

The correct answer is (C) An "S" corporation, such as a small consulting firm, does not usually pay tax on any of its income, but rather passes through profits (and losses) to its stockholders in proportion to their stock holdings in the corporation. SOURCES: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/subchapters.asp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_corporation

Answer 123

The correct answer is (C) Easements by prescription, also called prescriptive easements, are implied easements granted after the dominant estate has used the property in a hostile, continuous and open manner for a statutorily prescribed number of years (e.g. school children cutting across your backyard for 20 years). Prescriptive easements differ from adverse possession by not requiring exclusivity. Laws and regulations vary among local and national governments, but some traits are common to most prescription laws: * open and notorious (i.e. obvious to anyone) * actual, continuous (i.e., uninterrupted for the entire required time period); this does not necessarily require use daily, weekly, etc. * adverse to the rights of the true property owner * hostile (i.e. in opposition to the claim of another; this can be accidental, not "hostile" in the common sense) * continuous for a period of time defined by statute or appellate case law Answer (A) is “easement by necessity”; answer (B) is “adverse possession”; answer (D) is a “conservation easement”. SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement#Easement_by_prescription https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_easement Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Conservation Easements”, p. 616

Answer 124

The correct answer is (B) The Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, the nation's largest affordable housing subsidy program, is not administered by HUD, and was passed as part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 to encourage equity capital investment in multifamily housing for those in need of rent restricted affordable housing. LIHTC owners may not refuse to rent to Rental Voucher holders, and because tax credits are competitively allocated, states may impose more restrictive requirements than the federal program minimums. The LIHTC provides funding for the development costs of low-income housing by allowing an investor (usually the partners of a partnership that owns the housing) to take an IRS federal tax credit equal to a percentage (up to 70 percent or 30 percent of PV depending on the credit type) of the cost incurred for development of the low-income units in a rental housing project. To take advantage of the LIHTC, a developer will typically propose a project to a state agency, seek and win a competitive allocation of tax credits, complete the project, certify its cost, and rent the project to low income tenants. SOURCES: Zoning Practice (September 2017), Zoning to Support Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Projects https://www.planning.org/publications/document/9131607/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Income_Housing_Tax_Credit Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Low-Income Housing Tax Credits”, p. 660.

Answer 125

The correct answer is (C) Answer (C) is not an aspirational principle in the code. All of the others are aspirational principles in the code and would clearly benefit from social media efforts by planners. SOURCE: AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 126

The correct answer is (C) Texas experienced the largest population increase between 2000 and 2010, growing by over four million in population (see Table 1 in link below). It was followed by California (over 3 million), Florida (over 2 million), Georgia (over 1.5 million), and North Carolina (just under 1.5 million). Michigan was the only state to lose population. SOURCE: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf

Answer 127

The correct answer is (C) Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, such as developing its annual budget priorities. A “SWOT” Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) is central to strategic planning in assisting the organization address it internal strengths and weaknesses relative to the external opportunities and threats the organization faces. SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning http://www.simply-strategic-planning.com/swot-analysis.html Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practices (2009); “Strategic Plans”, p. 226

Answer 128

The correct answer is (B) Transect Planning is a term, created through the New Urbanism movement that deals with the following elements: 1) The highest density is in the town center, and as you move outwards towards the edges there is less density; 2) It is an analytical system that creates a series of specific natural habitats or urban lifestyle settings; 3) The resulting urban to rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area. SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Transect-Based Code”, pp. 602-603. https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2017/04/13/great-idea-rural-urban-transect https://transect.org/transect.html http://masglp.olemiss.edu/waterlog/pdf/feb17/wl37.1_article4.pdf APA Knowledge Center - https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/formbasedzoning/

Answer 129

The correct answer is (D) You should worry about the appearance of a conflict of interest, even if the invitation for dinner is not intended to enhance your friend’s chances of being awarded the contract (Rules of Conduct 5, 8, 19). Because you have no influence about the decision to award the contract, which would include having no professional contact with the decision-makers, you might have dinner with your friend, but it might be safer to postpone the dinner until after the contract has been awarded. SOURCE: AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 130

The correct answer is (A) The extent of the wellhead protection area was left up to individual state and local governments by the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act. SOURCES: The Environmental Planning Handbook (2014); “Wellhead Protection”; pp. 165-168. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellhead_protection_area https://www3.epa.gov/region1/eco/drinkwater/pc_wellhead_protection.html

Answer 131

The correct answer is (C) According to the 2010 Census, regional growth was much faster for the South and West (14.3 and 13.8 percent, respectively) than for the Midwest (3.9 percent) and Northeast (3.2 percent). SOURCE: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf

Answer 132

The correct answer is (B) The question asks for design techniques – lowering the speed limit is not a design technique. SOURCE: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Traffic Calming”, pp. 238-241.

Answer 133

The correct answer is (B) Adverse possession is a situation when a person who does not have legal title to land (or real property) occupies the land without the permission of the legal owner. The laws of most jurisdictions do not permit claims of adverse possession against public land. Squatting (aka Squatter’s Rights) is a form of adverse possession. The adverse possessor is usually required to prove non-permissive use which is actual, open and notorious, exclusive, adverse, and continuous for the statutory period. If a claim to title by adverse possession is successful, title is acquired without compensation. SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_possession

Answer 134

The correct answer is (B) The term "Smart City" has been around since the 1990s, and while definitions and applications vary, common elements among them are that Smart Cities use information and technology (internet of things) to engage citizens, deliver city services, and enhance urban systems. The use of Smart City technologies results in cost efficiencies, resilient infrastructure, and an improved urban experience. SOURCES: APA On the Radar - https://www.planning.org/ontheradar/smartcities/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city https://www.planetizen.com/node/89917/smart-cities-high-costs-high-potential

Answer 135

The correct answer is (A) Section 332(C)(7)(B) of the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 prohibits municipalities from: 1) prohibiting wireless services, 2) discriminating among providers of wireless services, and 3) regulating based upon potential radio frequency emission health effects of wireless facilities. SOURCES: https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/publication/download_pdf/Commissioner2015-06-jun.pdf https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/competition-infrastructure-policy-division/tower-andantenna-siting Zoning Practice (August 2011); Federal Cell Tower Zoning https://www.planning.org/publications/publication/9006925/

Answer 136

The correct answer is (B) Members of AICP must comply with the law, including complying with a subpoena. See Ethical Principle 1, Rules of Conduct 1 and 25. SOURCES: AICP Ethics Code - https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/

Answer 137

The correct answer is (A) The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey; the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (California & Nevada); and the Chesapeake Bay Commission (Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania) are all examples of multi-state jurisdictional planning entities that currently exist. Other examples include the Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers; the Appalachian Regional Commission; and the Delta Regional Authority. SOURCES: NY/NJ PORT AUTHORITY - http://www.panynj.gov/ TAHOE REGIONAL PLANNING AGENCY - http://www.trpa.org/ CHESAPEAKE BAY COMMISSION - http://www.chesbay.us/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_compact https://ballotpedia.org/Chart_of_interstate_compacts

Answer 138

The correct answer is (D) One of the advantages of the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is that it balances the influence of individuals by limiting the power of opinion makers, which is particularly advantageous for use where peer leaders may have an exaggerated effect over group decisions. The nominal group technique is particularly useful: * When some group members are much more vocal than others. * When some group members think better in silence. * When there is concern about some members not participating. * When the group does not easily generate quantities of ideas. * When all or some group members are new to the team. * When the issue is controversial or there is heated conflict. * When there is a power-imbalance between facilitator and participants or participants: the structure of the NGT session can balance these out. * When stakeholders like a quantitative output of the process. SOURCES: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief7.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_group_technique http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Portals/70/docs/iwrreports/82-R-1.pdf

Answer 139

The correct answer is (B) FIGURE FROM: https://www.simiode.org/resources/4212/download/1- 066-S-USCensusModeling-StudentVersion.pdf ALTERNATIVELY use the four figures on population curves from page 505 of Planning and Urban Design Standards SOURCES: Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Gompertz Curve”, p. 505 https://www.simiode.org/resources/4212/download/1-066-S-USCensusModeling-StudentVersion.pdf

Answer 140

The correct answer is (A) Public outcries after the demolition of New York’s City Pennsylvania Station in 1963 led to efforts to bolster and promote historic preservation, including the establishment in 1965 by President Johnson of a special committee to report to Congress on historic preservation. This resulted in the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966. SOURCES: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/historicpreservation/national-historic-preservation-act.htm Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Historic Structures”, pp. 627-630.

Answer 141

The correct answer is (A) The morning and afternoon traffic peaks both have trip ends that are home-based for many of the trips, even if they’re going and coming from work (i.e. office, retail, industrial). These are known as HomeBased Work (HBW) trips. BELOW: HBNW = Home-Based Non-Work trips. NHB = Non-Home-Based trips. SOURCE: FROM: http://media.tmiponline.org/clearinghouse/FHWA-HEP-10-042/ch8.htm <>

Answer 142

The correct answer is (A) Rent “control” (i.e. a system of regulating rent, often administered by a public authority or court, that limits changes in apartment and housing rents) is not typically a cause of homelessness. SOURCES: APA Policy Guide (2003) – Homelessness https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/homelessness.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control

Answer 143

The correct answer is (C) While social media is an open public forum and has many advantages, planners should be aware of the rule about appearance of conflict of interest and watch the context of their participation. SOURCES: The Ethical Planning Practitioner (2015); Scenario #35, pp. 56-57. https://www.planning.org/planning/2017/feb/legallessons/

Answer 144

The correct answer is (C) Clinton’s Executive Order 12898 addressing Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations was issued in 1994. The order also directed each agency to develop a strategy for implementing environmental justice and established an Interagency Working Group (IWG) on environmental justice chaired by the EPA Administrator and comprised of the heads of 11 departments or agencies and several White House offices. All the answers address Executive Orders issued by President Clinton SOURCES: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-executive-order-12898-federal-actions-addressenvironmental-justice PAS Report #549/550 (2007); Fair and Healthy Land Use: Environmental Justice and Planning https://www.planning.org/publications/report/9026874/ https://www.planning.org/planning/2008/mar/enviroinjustice.htm Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); “Environmental Justice” pp. 93-94

Answer 145

The correct answer is (A) Any AICP member with a question about whether specific conduct conforms to the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct may seek a formal opinion from the Ethics Committee. Any such member should send a detailed description of the relevant facts and a clear statement of the question to the Ethics Officer. SOURCE: https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/ [Section C.3.a) Advisory Opinions procedures]

Answer 146

The correct answer is (C) Relaxing development standards for nursing homes is not an Aging in Place strategy. The Center for Disease Control defines aging in place as "the ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level. Options I, III and IV help accomplish that. SOURCES: APA Policy Guide (2014) – Aging in Community https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/agingincommunity.htm PAS Report #579 (2015); Planning Aging-Supportive Communities PAS Quick Notes (August, 2013); Transforming the Built Environment in Support of Aging https://www.planning.org/blog/blogpost/9142364/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_in_place

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