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biology > hormones > Flashcards

hormones Flashcards

coordination and homeostasis

1
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

converts glycogen to glucose

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2
Q

what does insulin do?

A

converts glucose to glycagon

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3
Q

where are oestrogen and progesterone produced?

A

ovaries

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4
Q

where are FSH and LH produced?

A

pituitary gland

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5
Q

what are some secondary sexual characteristics in boys?

A

-voice breaks
-sperm production begins
-growth and development of genitalia
-pubic hair growth

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6
Q

what are some secondary sexual characteristics in girls?

A

–menstrual cycle begins
-pelvis broadens in preparation for pregnancy and labour
-armpit and pubic hair growth

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7
Q

what gland is progesterone secreted from?

A

ovary(corpus luteum)

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8
Q

what is the target organ/tissue for progesterone?

A

pituitary gland and uterus lining

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9
Q

what is the effect of progesterone?

A

-inhibits FSH and LH- stops further ovum being matured and released
-thickness of uterus lining maintained

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10
Q

what gland is LH secreted from?

A

pituitary gland

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11
Q

what is the target organ/tissue for LH?

A

the follicle in the ovary

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12
Q

what is the effect of LH?

A

ovulation

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13
Q

what gland is FSH secreted from?

A

pituitary gland

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14
Q

what is the target organ/tissue for FSH?

A

the ovary

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15
Q

what is the effect of FSH?

A

-follicle develops and ovum matures
-maturing follicle releases oestrogen

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16
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

the bodys second coordination system

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17
Q

what do glands do?

A

make hormones (chemical messengers)

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18
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers used in the body created by the endocrine system

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19
Q

where are hormones carried?

A

in the bloodstream

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20
Q

do excrine glands have a duct?

A

yes

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21
Q

do endocrine glands have a duct?

A

no

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22
Q

what does the pituitary gland contain?

A

neurones linking it to the hypothalamus

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22
Q

where is the pituitary gland found?

A

at the base of the brain

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23
Q

where is ADH produced?

A

pituitary gland

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24
Q

where is the growth hormone produced?

A

pituitary gland

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25
Q

where is glucagon produced?

A

pancreas

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25
Q

where is adrenaline produced?

A

adrenal gland

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25
Q

where is thyroid stimulating hormone produced?

A

pituitary gland

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26
Q

where is thyroxine produced?

A

thyroid

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27
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

pancreas

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28
Q

how do messages move around the body (nervous system)?

A

nerve impulses- transmitted through nerve cells

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29
Q

how do messages move around the body? (endocrine system)

A

hormones transmitted in the bloodstream (plasma)

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29
Q

speed of travel and time for effect to happen (nervous system)?

A

travel fast and usually have an instant effect

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30
Q

speed of travel and time for effect to happen? (endocrine system)

A

travel more slowly and usually take longer to act

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31
Q

effect localised or widespread (nervous system)?

A

short lived

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32
Q

effect localised or widespread (endocrine system)?

A

usually longer-lasting

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33
Q

example of an act of the nervous system?

A

iris reacting to bright light

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34
Q

example of an act of the endocrine system?

A

controls the blood glucose levels

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35
Q

3 ways in which the 2 methods of coordination are similar?

A

-both begin with a stimulus
-both end in a response
-both go through an effector organ

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36
Q

3 ways in which the 2 methods of coordination are similar?

A

-nervous coordination goes through the CNS
-nervous coordination involves neurones
-nervous coordination goes to the receptor organ after the stimulus -hormonal goes to the gland

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37
Q

when is adrenaline secreted?

A

when you are scared/angry/excited

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38
Q

where are the adrenal glands?

A

on top of your kidneys

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39
Q

in order for the body to be prepared for action what do the muscles require?

A

a good supply of oxygen and glucose

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40
Q

effects of adrenaline on the heart?

A

-beats faster
-heart rate increases

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41
Q

how does the heart beat faster and increase its rate?

A

sends more blood to the muscles-they receive more glucose and oxygen for respiration

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42
Q

effect of adrenaline on the lungs?

A

-breathing rate increases
-breaths become deeper

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43
Q

how does breathing rate increase and our breaths become deeper?

A

taking more oxygen into the blood

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44
Q

effect of adrenaline on the arterioles in muscles?

A

increases blood flow

45
Q

how do the arterioles in the muscles gain an increase in blood flow?

A

more oxygen and glucose supplied to respiring cells

46
Q

effect of adrenaline on arterioles in the digestive system?

A

blood flow diverted away

47
Q

why is the blood flow diverted away from the arterioles in the digestive system?

A

more blood for muscles

48
Q

what is the effect of adrenaline on the liver?

A

glucose is released from it

49
Q

why is glucose released from the liver?

A

glycogen is changed into glucose and released into the blood-muscle cells absorb more glucose and use it for respiration

50
Q

effect of adrenaline on eyes?

A

pupils dilate

51
Q

why do the pupils dilate when adrenaline acts on the eyes?

A

increased visual sensitivity

52
Q

what happens to the skin hairs when adrenaline acts upon it?

A

they rise/stand up

53
Q

why do animals skin hairs stand up?

A

to make the animal look bigger

53
Q

what is the effect of adrenaline on the brain?

A

mental awareness increases

54
Q

why does your mental awareness increase upon the act of adrenaline?

A

your reactions are faster

55
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintaining of a constant environment in the body predominantly in the blood and tissue fluid

56
Q

examples of internal conditions that are controlled?

A

temperature, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, blood sugar and pH

57
Q

how is homeostatic control achieved?

A

using negative feedback

58
Q

what do the control systems do?

A

they inhibit the original stimulus

59
Q

what does negative feedback mean?

A

whenever a change occurs in a system, negative feedback causes a corrective mechanism to start which reverses the original change and brings the system back towards the set point (normal)

60
Q

what happens in a positive feedback system?

A

the output enhances the original stimulus

61
Q

what hormone is responsible for controlling water levels in the blood?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

62
Q

what is the region in the brain that regulates the concentration of blood?

A

the hypothalamus

63
Q

what does the loss of water mean for the conc of blood?

A

the conc starts to increase

64
Q

how does the body know the body has lost water?

A

detected by special cells in the hypothalamus

65
Q

what do the cells in the hypothalamus do? (water LOSS)

A

the pituitary gland releases more ADH

66
Q

where does ADH travel to? (water LOSS)

A

in the blood to the kidney

67
Q

does the collecting duct become more or less permeable to water? (water LOSS)

A

more permeable

68
Q

what does the collecting duct being more permeable mean? (water LOSS)

A

more water is reabsorbed back into the blood

68
Q

more water being reabsorbed into the blood means what for the urine? (water LOSS)

A

urine is more concentrated and has less volume and the blood is more dilute

69
Q

what does the gain of water mean for the concentration of water in the blood?

A

starts to decrease

70
Q

how is this change detected? ( water GAIN)

A

by special cells in the hypothalamus

71
Q

what do these special cells in the hypothalamus do? (water GAIN)

A

cause the pituitary gland to release LESS ADH

72
Q

does the collecting duct become more or less permeable to water? (water GAIN)

A

less permeable

73
Q

what does the collecting duct being less permeable mean for water and urine concentration? ( water GAIN)

A

-less water reabsorbed into the blood-makes urine more dilute and increases the volume and blood becomes more concentrated

74
Q

what does diuretic mean?

A

increasing volume of urine- adding water

75
Q

what 5 things can the level of water in the blood plasma depend on?

A

-external temperature
-amount of exercise
-amount of water
-salt content intake

76
Q

how does external temperature affect the level of water in the blood plasma?

A

when its hot we sweat more and lose more water making the blood plasma more concentrated

77
Q

how does the amount of exercise we do affect the level of water in our blood plasma?

A

if we exercise we get hot and then increase our sweating so we lose more water and the blood plasma becomes more concentrated

78
Q

how does the amount of water affect the level of water in our blood plasma?

A

the more we drink the more we dilute the blood plasma- the kidneys respond by producing more dilute urine to get rid of the excess water

79
Q

how does your salt content affect the water level in your blood plasma?

A

salt makes the plasma more concentrated and so it makes us thirsty- we drink more water until the excess salt has been excreted by the kidneys

80
Q

how do drugs affect the water level in your blood plasma?

A

drugs cause the kidneys to produce a smaller volume of less dilute urine- can result in the body having too much water

81
Q

how does alcohol affect the bodys water level in your blood plasma?

A

causes the kidneys to produce a greater volume of more dilute urine- can lead to dehydration

82
Q

what is glucose stored as in humans and where?

A

stored in the liver as glycogen which is a large insoluble polysaccharide

83
Q

what happens when the body is short of glucose?

A

the glycogen can be broken down into glucose and passed into the bloodstream

84
Q

the role of insulin and glucagon?

A

insulin-lowers blood glucose
glucagon-raises blood glucose

85
Q

what can increase your blood glucose?

A

eating a meal

86
Q

what can decrease your blood glucose?

A

exercise

87
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

bodys immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce the insulin

88
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

body doesnt produce enough insulin or the bodys cells dont react to insulin properly

89
Q

1st step when you do vigorous exercise?

A

blood sugar level falls

90
Q

2nd step of doing vigorous exercise?

A

cells in pancreas signal to make/release glucagon

91
Q

3rd step of doing vigorous exercise?

A

glucagon tells the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

92
Q

4th step of doing vigorous exercise?

A

glucose is released into the blood

93
Q

5th step of doing vigorous exercise?

A

blood sugar levels back to normal again

94
Q

6th step of doing vigorous exercise?

A

muscles use up glucose in respiration

95
Q

what is the stimulus for thermoregulation?

A

change in environmental temperature

96
Q

temperature receptors do what?

A

send electrical impulses to the hypothalamus

97
Q

what do the temperature receptors stimulate our brains to do?

A

find shade, have a cool drink, take off a layer of clothing

98
Q

what does the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus do?

A

detects a change in the temperature of the blood flowing through it (core temperatures)

99
Q

what does homeothermic mean?

A

warm-blooded

100
Q

what happens when the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus detects a change in the temperature of the blood flowing through it?

A

this sends a signal via nerves to other organs in the body which then regulate the temperature by physiological nerves

101
Q

what does poikilothermic mean?

A

cold-blooded

102
Q

does body temperature fluctuate in homeothermic organisms?

A

stays constant

103
Q

does body temperature fluctuate in poikilothermic organisms?

A

yes

104
Q

why is homeostasis important for organisms?

A

it ensures the maintenance of optimal conditions enzyme activity and cell function

105
Q

what is the link between the stimulus and the receptor made by?

A

the nervous or endocrine system

106
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the control or regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism

107
Q

what are 2 examples of homeostasis in humans?

A
  • the control of body temperature
  • the control of body water content
108
Q

what is body temperature monitored and controlled by?

A

the thermoregulatory centre in the base of the brain

109
Q

what does the thermoregulatory centre contain?

A

receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood

110
Q

what does the skin also contain?

A

temperature receptors

111
Q

what does the skin send impulses to and what kind?

A

nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre

112
Q

what is a coordination centre?

A

receives and processes information from receptors such as the brain, spinal cord & pancreas

biology (115 decks)

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