Human Reproduction ( Female)

Question 1

Fallopian tube

Answer 1

Site of fertilisation/ moves egg down tube by peristalsis.

Question 2

Ovaries

Answer 2

Produces egg by meiosis.

Question 3

Uterus( womb)

Answer 3

Lined with the endometrium which nourishes embryo/ hold fetus.

Question 4

Vagina

Answer 4

Allows entry of sperm in the birth canal.

Question 5

Cervix

Answer 5

Neck of womb.

Question 6

Immature egg cells

Answer 6

Oocytes. Complete meiosis each month and become haploid eggs(ovum).

Question 7

Where is ovum located

Answer 7

Graffian follicle.

Question 8

Graffian follicle

Answer 8

Consists of egg, follicle cells, fluid filled cavity. theca. Produces oestrogen. Matures and bursts at ovulation to release the egg. After ovulation the follicle fills with yellow cells and becomes corpus luteum (secretes progesterone).

Question 9

Ovulation

Answer 9

Release of egg from ovary.

Question 10

Menstrual cycle

Answer 10

Occurs every 28 day. Begins puberty ends at menopause.

Question 11

Menstrual cycle ( steps)

Answer 11

Days 1-5
1.Endometrium is shed from body.
2. Meiosis occurs in new oocytes in the ovary.
3. Oestrogen/Progesterone low.
Days 5-13
Graffian follicle produces oestrogen causing the endometrium to thicken.
Day 14
1. Ovulation occurs
2. Egg passes into funnel to fallopian tube.
3. Endometrium thickens.
Days 14-24
1. Graffian follicle develops into corpus luteum.
2. It produces progesterone.
3. Causes the endometrium to thicken even more/ prevents new eggs from forming.
If no fertilisation
1. Corpus luteum breaks down (day 22)
2. Progesterone levels decrease causing endometrium to break down
3. Cycle repeats.

Question 12

Hormonal control of female reproductive system

Answer 12

Oestrogen- causes endometrium to thicken ( first 14 days)
Progesterone- causes endometrium to thicken ( last14 days).
Both prevent further eggs from developing.
Combine to cause secondary female characteristics.

Question 13

Secondary female characteristics

Answer 13

Increased body fat/ growth of pubic hair/ growth of breasts.

Question 14

Female infertility

Answer 14

Cause: Blockage of the fallopian tube.
Treatment: Surgery.

Question 15

FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone)

Answer 15

Made in: Pituitary gland.
When made: From puberty to the menopause/ day 1 of each menstrual cycle.
Functions: Causes egg production/ formation of graffian follicle.

Question 16

Oestrogen

Answer 16

Made in: graffian follicle in ovary
When made: between days 5-14 of cycle
Functions:Endometrium to develop/ inhibits FSH/ stimulates the release of LH.

Question 17

LH ( Luteinising hormone)

Answer 17

Made in: Pituitary gland
When made: Day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
Functions: Causes ovulation/ causes the graffian follicle to convert into corpus luteum.

Question 18

Progesterone

Answer 18

Made in: corpus luteum in the ovary.
When made: day 14-28
Functions: Maintains the growth of endometrium/ Inhibits LH and FSJ/ prevents uterus from contracting

Question 19

Menstrual disorder

Answer 19

Endometrisis
Symptoms: Chronic menstrual pain.
Cause: Genetic/hormonal/ abnormal responses to oestrogen.
Prevention: no known method
Treatment: Surgery.

Question 20

Sexual arousal

Answer 20

Male: Swelling of testes.
Female: Swelling of breasts.

Question 21

Stages of copulation

Answer 21

1. Insemination occurs.
2. Contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes causes sperm to be pushed up the fallopian tubes.

Question 22

Survival time for sperm and egg

Answer 22

Sperm can live in the female system for 5 days
After ovulation egg can live up to 24 hours.

Question 23

Fertilisation

Answer 23

Occurs in the fallopian tube.
Egg + sperm = diploid zygote.

Question 24

Early development of zygote

Answer 24

1.Egg divides by mitosis –> morula
2. Further mitosis + cavity –> blastocysts.
3. After 5 days blastocyst becomes embedded into endometrium ( implantation)
4. Inner cells form embryo and outer cells amnion( secrets amniotic fluid to protect embryo).
5. Embryonic + uterine tissues = placenta.
6. Placenta produces hormones (Oes/pro) and allows exchange of materials between mother and embryo.

Question 25

Embryonic development

Answer 25

1. After 10 days 3 germ layers formed i) Ectoderm - skin/nails/hair / nervous system. ii) Mesoderm- muscles/skeleton/excretory/respiratory/ circulatory systems. iii) Endoderm- liver/ pancreas/ inner lining of digestive respiratory/ excretory systems. 2. By 8 week major organs formed/ body is foetus. 3.By 12 week movement of legs/ sex organs/ baby teeth grow/ sucks thumb/ breath/urinate. 4. Continues to grow.

Question 26

Gestation(pregnancy)

Answer 26

Length of time in uterus i.e 9 months 10-12 weeks pro/oes made by corpus luteum then by placenta. Before birth pro stops/ oes increases.

Question 27

Birth

Answer 27

Stage 1 1. Foetus rotates towards the cervix. 2. Cervix dilates 3. Amniotic fluid release 4. Contraction begin ( due to oxytocin prod in pituitary gland) Stage 2 1. Contractions become more frequent/ stronger 2. Foetus is pushed head first through the cervix. Stage 3 Placenta and foetal membrane are expelled.

Question 28

Lactation

Answer 28

Production of milk by breast. 1. Prostaglandins/oxytoxin release pituitary to trigger childbirth. 2. Prolactin stimulates milk secretion during lactation( release from pituitary). Benefits 1. Provides baby with antibodies 2. Less danger of infection by microorganisms. 3. Help reduce risk of cancer for mom.

Question 29

Birth control

Answer 29

Reducing the chance of fertilisation occuring. Natural contraception: Calendar method/temperature method. Mechanical contraception: condoms/ diaphragms. Chemical contraception: vaginal spermicides/ pill Surgical contraception: tubal ligation/ vasectomy.

Question 30

In-Vitro ferilisation ( IVF) and implantation

Answer 30

-Treating infertility. - May be used in females if fallopian tubes are blocked/ or ovaries cannot reproduce eggs naturally. -May be used in males if have low sperm count. Method: 1. Female given fertility drugs. 2. Development of ripening eggs in the ovaries monitored. 3. Eggs collected. 4. Sperm sample is collected and prepared. 5. Eggs and sperm are incubated together in a laboratory. 6. If fertilisation occurs the embryos are transferred back into the uterus. 7. Within 2 weeks pregnancy or menstruation will occur.