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Phase 1 - S2 Metabolism, Endocrinology, Haematology > Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis And Growth Hormone > Flashcards

Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis And Growth Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence growth (4)

A

Genetics, environment, hormones and nutrition

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2
Q

What is the most important endocrine regulator of growth

A

Growth hormone

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3
Q

What stimulates the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

A

GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone

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4
Q

What socket of bone does the hypothalamus sit in

A

Sella turcica

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5
Q

From where does the anterior pituitary arise from

A

Oral ectoderm (primitive gut tissue)

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6
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary originate from

A

Neuroectoderm (primitive brain tissue)

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7
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary called

A

Infundibulum

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8
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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9
Q

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary

A

None - hormones are only stored here

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10
Q

Where in the hypothalamus are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones produced

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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11
Q

Where are hormones stored before they are released to the anterior pituitary gland

A

Median eminence

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12
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Releases milk as part of the suckling reflex and caused uterus contractions during birth

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13
Q

What does ADH do

A

Regulate body water volume

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14
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced by the hypothalamus which travel to the anterior pituitary

A 
TRH
PIH
CRH
GnRH
GHRH
GHIH
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15
Q

What are tropic hormones

A

Hormone that affect the release of other hormones

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16
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland and what are their functions

A

TSH - secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland
ACTH - secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex
LH - ovulation and secretion of sex hormones
FSH - development of eggs and sperm
PRL - mammary gland development and milk secretion
GH - growth and energy metabolism and stimulates IGFs

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17
Q

What hormone causes the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release TSH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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18
Q

What hormone causes the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

CRH (corticotropin releasing factor)

19
Q

What hormone causes the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release prolactin (PRL)

A

Negative control of the prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

20
Q

What hormone causes the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone inhibits

21
Q

What hormone causes the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

22
Q

How are the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones regulated

A

Negative feedback

23
Q

What is another name for growth hormone inhibiting hormone

A

Somatostatin

24
Q

Why is growth hormone not orally active like thyroid hormone

A

It is a protein and so it is degraded in the stomach

25
Q

How does growth hormone give its affect

A

Either directly or indirectly (through insulin-like growth factors)

26
Q

Which cells release IGFs

A

Liver and skeletal muscle cells

27
Q

What does growth hormone during childhood

A

stimulates long bone growth by

  • stimulating length and width growth before epiphyseal closure
  • and width after epiphyseal closure
  • IGF stimulates bone and cartilage growth
28
Q

What do GHs and IGFs do in adults

A

Help maintain muscle and bone mass
Promote healing and tissue repair
Modulate metabolism

29
Q

What causes an increase in the production of growth hormone

A
  • deep sleep
  • stress (trauma/surgery)
  • exercise
  • less glucose and fatty acids
  • fasting
30
Q

What causes a decrease in growth hormone secretion

A
  • somatostatin
  • rapid eye movement sleep
  • glucose and fatty acids
  • obesity
31
Q

How are IGFs involved in the negative feedback loops

A

mediates long loop

  • inhibit GHRH from hypothalamus
  • stimulates somatostatin release from anterior pituitary gland
  • inhibit GH from anterior pituitary
32
Q

What mediates the short loops of the growth hormone negative feedback

A

GH via stimulation of somatostatin release

33
Q

What does growth hormone deficiency result in

A

Pituitary dwarfism (proportionate dwarfism)

34
Q

What is the treatment for pituitary dwarfism

A

GH therapy - injection of GH produced through recombinant DNA technology

35
Q

What does growth hormone excess in childhood result in

A

Gigantism

36
Q

What does pituitary dwarfism result in

A
  • slow growth rate (below 3rd percentile)

- delayed/no sexual development

37
Q

What usually causes gigantism

A

Pituitary adenoma

38
Q

What des growth hormone excess in adults result in

A

Acromegaly - large extremities

39
Q

How does GH have its direct effect on cells

A

Binds to tyrosine kinase receptors activating Janus kinases (linked to the receptors) which then phosphorylates the receptors and itself to activate the signalling pathways including IGF production

40
Q

What are the 2 main growth factors and what do they do

A

IGF2 - involved in fetal growth

IGF1 - major growth hormone in adults

41
Q

What modulates the activity of IGFs

A

Binding proteins

42
Q

What do IGFs modulate

A
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • increase in protein synthesis
  • increase rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue
43
Q

What other others influence growth

A
  • insulin
  • thyroid hormones
  • androgens
  • estrogens
  • glucocorticoids
44
Q

How is the release/production of prolactin controlled

A

Prolactin is produced when there is a lack of prolactin inhibiting hormone (e.g. Dopamine). The production is under inhibitory control

Phase 1 - S2 Metabolism, Endocrinology, Haematology (22 decks)

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