Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

an autoimmune disease causing the destruction of beta cells

Question 2

what are the symptoms of type 1

Answer 2

polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, tiredness

Question 3

when does type 1 usually develop

Answer 3

childhood

Question 4

what are the macrovascular complications of type 1

Answer 4

stroke, MI, foot ulcers

Question 5

what are the microvascular complications of type 1

Answer 5

diabetic eye disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot

Question 6

what is the management for type 1

Answer 6

diet, exercise, insulin therapy

Question 7

what can untreated type 1 lead to

Answer 7

• hyperglycaemia
• ketoacidosis
• dehydration

Question 8

what are the normal plasma glucose levels

Answer 8

3.3-6 mmol/L

Question 9

what is the value for the renal threshold

Answer 9

10mmol/L

Question 10

when does the renal threshold change

Answer 10

increases in the elderly and decreases in pregnancy

Question 11

what tests can be done to monitor blood glucose or diagnose diabetes

Answer 11

• dipstick
• finger prick
• HbA1c
• ketone body test

Question 12

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

insulin receptors have a reduced sensitivity to insulin

Question 13

true or false - ketoacidosis is seen in type 2

Answer 13

false

Question 14

how is type 2 managed

Answer 14

diet, exercise, metformin, sulphonylureas, insulin therapy

Question 15

what do alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans do

Answer 15

alpha - secrete glucagon

beta - secrete insulin

Question 16

describe how insulin is released

Answer 16

in high glucose levels lots of ATP is produced. this inhibits the ATP sensitive potassium channels on the beta cells causing an increase in intracellular K. this causes VGCCs to open and in calcium influx causes the release of the insulin vesicles

Question 17

what type of channel is glucose taken up through in response to insulin

Answer 17

GLUT 4

Question 18

what does insulin do

Answer 18

increases glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, inhibits fatty acid breakdown

Question 19

what does glucagon do

Answer 19

increases glycogen breakdown, causes gluconeogenesis and stimulates breakdown of fats