I. Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Science of plant life
A
Botany
2
Q
Properties of life
A
Order, reproduction, growth, energy utilization, response, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation
3
Q
Latin word meaning “to know”
A
Science
4
Q
Step by step process that helps solve problems
A
Scientific method
5
Q
Branch of science that was the foundation of Biology
A
Chemistry
6
Q
Elements that Make up 96% of life
A
C, O, H, N
7
Q
Number of electrons in outermost shell
A
Valence
8
Q
Gain electrons, form bonds
A
Reduce
9
Q
Lose electrons, break bonds
A
Oxidize
10
Q
Father of Botany
A
Theophrastus
11
Q
Chemical reactivity
A
Atoms tend to complete/ empty partially filled valence (less valence = lose electrons)
12
Q
Weak bonds
A
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds
13
Q
Bond that transfers electrons
A
Ionic bond
14
Q
Strong bonds
A
Covalent bond, multiple covalent, polar covalent
15
Q
Bond where 2 atoms share a pair of electrons
A
Covalent
16
Q
Bond where 2 atoms share more than one pair of electrons
A
Multiple covalent
17
Q
Bond where two atoms unequally share a pair of electrons
A
Polar covalent
18
Q
T or F: oxygen has higher electronegativity
A
T
19
Q
T or F: oxygen has stronger attraction
A
T
20
Q
Solvent of life
A
Water
21
Q
Cohesion
A
H2O molecules stick to each other; surface tension
22
Q
Adhesion
A
H2O molecules stick with other materials; capillary action
23
Q
Surface tension
A
Floating of insects on water
24
Q
Capillary action
A
Water climbs up from plant roots to stems
25
Why does ice float?
Water has a low density.
26
It is the amount of heat necessary to increase temperature
Specific heat
27
If [H] = [OH] then
Neutral
28
If [H] > [OH]
Acidic
29
If [H] < [OH]
Basic
30
They are polymers
Macromolecules
31
It's a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Polymers
32
Two molecules are covalently bonded through water loss (dehydration)
Condensation
33
Rupture by addition of water
Hydrolysis
34
Sugars and water (CH2O)
Carbohydrates
35
Monosaccharide
Has an open chain; ex: glucose
36
A monosaccharide that contains major nutrients and raw materials for synthesis
Glucose
37
Disaccharide
2 joined by glycosidic link; ex: maltose, lactose, sucrose
38
Used for brewing beer
Maltose
39
Combination of glucose and galactose. It is the sugar in milk.
Lactose
40
Sugar in sugar cane
Sucrose
41
Many sugars. Ex: starch and cellulose
Polysaccharides
42
It is a polysaccharide that's a storage molecule
Starch
43
Polysaccharide that is a structural molecule
Cellulose
44
Discovered by Miescher
Nucleic acids
45
The building blocks/ components of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
46
Types of nucleotides
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
47
2 types of nitrogenous base
Purines and pyrimidines
48
A nitrogenous base with double rings. Example: adenine and guanine
Purines
49
A nitrogenous base with single ring. Example: cytosine, thymine, uracil
Pyrimidines
50
Energy currency of the cell; transfers energy from chemical bonds to endergonic reactions
Adenosine triphosphate (atp)
51
What does ATP consist of
Adenine nucleotide (ribosome sugar, adenine base and phosphate group)
52
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
53
Importance of amino acids
- structural molecules
- source of energy
- enzymes - catalyst
54
Structure of proteins. The 4 levels of organization in protein.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
55
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
Primary structure
56
Structure of proteins that is helix or pleated
Secondary
57
Has a quaternary structure with 2 or more protein chains
Hemoglobin
58
It holds proteins together
H bonds and Vander waals forces
59
It is very diverse. It does not include polymers. It is insoluble in water (nonpolar). Made of fats, oils and waxes.
Lipids
60
Three important family of lipids
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
61
These are triglycerides constructed from glycerol and fatty acid. It stores energy.
Fats (animal) and oils (plant)
62
Two types of fats
Saturated and unsaturated
63
Has only 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group, which is negatively charged. Forms a polar covalent bond with glycerol. Found in brains.
Phospholipids
64
He discovered cells
Robert Hooke
65
Cell theory of Schleiden
All organisms are made up of one or more cells
66
Cell theory of Schwaan
The cell is the basic unit of structure
67
Cell theory of Virchow
All cells arise from existing cells
68
It is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions. Basis of an organism's structure.
Cell
69
Type of cell with no nucleus
Prokaryotic
70
Type of cell with nucleus
Eukaryotic
71
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
72
They are live in extremes. Halophiles and thermophiles.
Archaea
73
Two examples of bacteria
Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria
74
Why are cells small?
Because being large would have to take more volume and is therefore disadvantageous
75
Part of the cell that has cellulose. Serves as protection.
Cell wall
76
Part of cell wall that contains pectins (gels)
Middle lamella
77
Controls water, gases and molecules. Are semipermeable.
Plasma membrane/ plasmalemma
78
Contains genetic material. Control center of cell.
Nucleus
79
Site were cell makes proteins
Ribosomes
80
Protein synthesis occurs here
Rough ER
81
Lipid synthesis occurs here
Smooth ER
82
Manufacturer, warehouse, sorter, shipper of cell
Golgi complex
83
Compartment, storage in cell
Vacuoles
84
Metabolic waste in vacuoles
Crystals
85
Pigment that is antiherbivore
Anthocyanin
86
Site for photosynthesis. Plastid that contain chlorophyll and dna.
Chloroplasts
87
Powerhouse of cell. Site of respiration.
Mitochodria
88
Plastid that contains orange and yellow pigments
Chromoplasts
89
Colorless plastid
Leucoplasts/ amyloplasts
90
Generates and breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
91
Converts fats into sugars
Glyoxysomes
92
Long hollow tubules. Made of spherical proteins called tubulin.
Microtubules
93
Made of a globular protein called actin. Involved in cyclosis.
Mocrofilaments
94
Thicker than microfilaments but thinner than tubules. Maintains rigid structure.
Intermediate filaments
95
2 types of plant cells
Meristematic and differentiated
96
Unspecialized cells that divide indefinitely. Can be apical or lateral.
Meristematic cells
97
Meristems that go vertical.
Apical/ Tip
98
Meristem that goes horizontal.
Lateral meristem
99
2 types of lateral meristem
Vascular and cork cambium
100
2 types of apical meristem
Roots and shoots
101
Mature cells
Differentiated cells
102
3 types of differentiated cells
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
103
Most common differentiated cell. Has thin walls. Isodiametric and least specialized. Greek "parenchein" - pour in beside
Parenchyma
104
Differentiated cell that has uneven thickened walls. Usually is elongated. Greek "kolla" - glue.
Collenchyma
105
Has very thick cell walls. Greek "skelos" - hard
Sclerenchyma
106
2 types of sclerenchyma
Fibers and sclereids
107
Sclerenchyma that has elongated cells, is tapered at both ends, usually in groups, and provide elastic support
Fibers
108
Two types of plant tissues
Simple and complex
109
Three tissue systems
Dermal, vascular, ground
110
Tissue system that deals with skin and outer covering, is for protection from physical damage and desiccation.
Dermal tissue system
111
Structures in dermal tissue system
Stomata, trichomes, cuticle
112
Waxy fatty substance that is a component in the cuticle
Cutin
113
Structure in dermal tissue system that has hairs
Trichomes
114
Structure in dermal tissue system that is made of pores and allows entry of gases
Stomata
115
First year of growth in dermal tissue system
Epidermis
116
Woody part in dermal tissue system. Has more that one growing season. Consists of cork cells.
Periderm
117
Tissue system that conducts water mineral and food
Vascular TS
118
Vascular tissue that conducts water
Xylem
119
Vascular tissue that conducts food, sugar and other nutrients
Phloem
120
Parts of xylem
Xylem parenchyma, xylary fibers, tracheary elements (tracheid-thin, vessel element-thick tubes)
121
Vessel elements
Angiosperms, wider, shorter and less tapered, dead at maturity, perforation plates
122
Parts of phloem
Phloem parenchyma, phloem fiber, sieve tube elements (angiosperm/gymnosperm)
123
Part of phloem. They are stacked end to end. No nucleus at maturity.
Sieve tube members
124
Tissue system that is fundamental. Consists of all tissues minus vascular and dermal.
Ground tissue system
125
Functions of ground tissue system
Filler, storage, metabolism
126
It causes plants to grow indeterminately because it continually divides.
Meristems
127
Is the increase in length of roots and shoots. Causes by apical meristem. It's outcome is a primary plant body.
Primary growth
128
It produces tissues of primary plant body. Consists of protoderm procambium and ground meristem
Primary meristems
129
Its primary tissue is dermal tissue/ epidermis
Protoderm
130
Its primary tissue is vascular tissue
Procambium
131
It's primary tissue is ground tissue
Groundmeristem
132
These are developed by dicots. Called lateral meristems. Single cell layers that form cylinders running lengthwise along stem/root
Secondary meristems
133
Growth common in eudocots and gymnosperms. Rare in monocots.
Secondary growth
134
Interconnected sacs in chloroplast
Thylakoids
135
Stack of thylakoids
Granum
136
Fluid outside the thylakoids
Stroma
137
Network of fibers that organizes structures. These are microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
Cytoskeleton
138
Channels that perforate plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
