Immunity-PROF Question Flashcards
1
Q
which graft rejection beshi ??
A
xenograft
2
Q
why xenograft beshi rejected ?
A
HLA type mile na
3
Q
SOMC te ki ki transplant hoy ?
A
cornea
4
Q
HLA nam keno hoise <
A
first human e dekha jay
4
Q
antigen defination ?
A
any substance that can be recognized
by the Ig receptor of B cell / by the T cell when complex with MHC
350
5
Q
hypersensitivity 1 which Ig mediated ?
A
IgE
5
Q
Cochelar transplant e ki transplant hoy ?
A
surgical implementation
a samll electronic device that directly stimulates the auditory nerve in the inner ear to produce a sense of sound
6
Q
IgG er subtype koyta ?
A
4
7
Q
IgA er subtype koyta ?
A
2
8
Q
duration of type 1 H >
A
immediate
9
Q
duration of Type4 H >
A
delayed
10
Q
amra je oramenta pori- er theke scratch khaile kon hypersensitivity?
A
type=-1
11
Q
ar ki ki type =1 H ?
A
375
12
Q
which AB fix complement ?
A
IgG
IgM
13
Q
complement fix krte pare na kon AB<
A
ig - A E
13
Q
Type-2 H ?
A
388
13
Q
is tuberculin test specific ?
A
no
low specificty
13
Q
Directly complement fix kore ?
A
Ig–G M
13
Q
immunodeficiency D kon age hoy >
A
old age
14
Q
kon AB kon type er Hypersensitivity kore?
A
IgE = 1
IgG = 2 3
14
Q
kon type4 hypersensitivity test amra commonly kori >
A
tuberculin test
14
Q
why old age e immunodeficiency diseases ?
A
regulatory T cell function weak
dec tolerance
14
Q
primary & secondary immune response >
A
341
15
Q
procedure of tuberculin test ?
A
5TU - tuberculin unit = 0.1 ml
intra-dermally on the flexor aspect of the forearm
observed half an hour - 30 min for - immediate hypersensitivity
2 hr por final reading
15
H - 1 2 3 ki mediated <
immune mediated
juts 4 = cell mediated
16
B cell origin <
stem cells of Bone amrrow
16
HELPER T cell type ?
Th1
Th2
16
type-4 h ki mediated ?
cell
16
body te B cell beshi naki T cell <
T cell
60-70%
16
maturation of B cell site <
bone marrow
16
origin of T cell <
bone marrow stem cells
16
maturation of T cell ,
thymus & GALT
16
which immunosuppressive in COVID >`
corticosteroids
IL-6 inhibitors - tocilizumab
16
Th1 fucntion ??
389
secreted IFN-gamma
delayed hypersensitivity
IFN gamma - activate macrophage
17
RF e kotodin por Ab-Atg produce hoy ?
2-3 weeks
18
RF e kar against a AB produce hoy ?
streptococcal Atg
19
Ki ki host tissue ache ,
heart valve glycoprotein
myocardial sarcolema
cardiac myosin
neuronal Ab in sub-thalamic and caudate nuclei
20
Rheumatic fever er primary infection ?
pharyngitis / sore throat by streptoccocus
168
21
RF type of hypersensitivity?
Type=2
22
Which AB in breast milk ,
IgA
23
Placenta cross kore kon AB <
IgG
23
anaphalaxis hole ki korba >
desensitization
24
IgE fucntion ,
immediate hypersensitivity
defend parasitic infections by casuing release of enzymes from eosinophils
25
desensitization ,
379
26
what is hapten ?
353
26
mediators of anaphylaxis?
378
27
which cells in anaphylaxis ,.
jhuma mam
378
28
Vaccine dile kon immunity ?
acquired
active artificial
28
type-4 H M/A ?
389
29
B cell fucntion ,
336
30
Which Ig is secretory?
IgA
31
immunoglobulins dile kon immunity <
passive
32
MHC & HLA ki same <
YES
32
MHC & HLA full form <
major histocompatibilty complex
human leukocyte antigen
33
differnce ki HLA & MHC ER <
MHC - Protein - cluster on gene
HLA - gene
HLA - MHC in human
34
MHC - 1 & 2 fucntion ,
372
35
RF in immunology must fro Jhuma mam >
168
36
antibody type <
GAMED
37
Sobceye beshi kon AB <
IgG - 75%
38
Ig kon dhoroner immnuty dey ?
PASSIVE
38
Molecular mimicry example .
GBS'
reitres syndrome
R heart d
38
kom AB konta ?
IgE
0.004%
39
first time AB dhukle kon complement /
Alternative
40
Complement prokash kori ki diye
C
41
Immunodeficiency disease ki <
Defects in one or more components of the immune system can lead to seriuous and often fatal disorders
that are ccollectivly known as --
41
immunologically previleged sites >
brain
eyes
testes
ovary
joint cartilage
immune response are limited
41
T cell type <
CD4+
CD8+
42
Complement kon type protein ,
Plasma
43
Importance of MHC ?
372
43
3 difference between sensitization and de-sensitization ?
Here are three key differences between **sensitization** and **de-sensitization**:
1. **Immune Response**:
- **Sensitization**: The immune system develops an increased sensitivity to an antigen, often leading to an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction upon subsequent exposure.
- **De-sensitization**: The immune system is gradually exposed to an allergen in controlled doses to reduce or eliminate hypersensitivity reactions.
2. **Outcome**:
- **Sensitization**: Results in heightened immune reactivity (e.g., IgE production in allergies).
- **De-sensitization**: Aims to induce immune tolerance, reducing or preventing allergic reactions.
3. **Clinical Application**:
- **Sensitization**: Often undesirable, as it underlies conditions like allergies, asthma, or transplant rejection.
- **De-sensitization**: Used therapeutically to treat allergies (e.g., immunotherapy) or prevent reactions to medications (e.g., penicillin de-sensitization).
43
MHC-1 vs 2 ?
372
44
what is Minor-histo compatibility complex <
The minor histocompatibility complex refers to a group of antigens encoded by genes outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These antigens can trigger an immune response during organ or tissue transplantation, even when the donor and recipient are MHC-matched. They are called "minor" because they elicit weaker immune responses compared to MHC antigens, but they can still contribute to graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
45
cytotoxic T cell receptor ,
TCR
CD 8
46
Immunology def >< Jhuma mam
325
47
immunocompotent cell er name <
332
48
APC example ?
332
48
AB production M/A ?
345 whole figureee
49
graft /
392
50
ekta baccha congenital anomely niye jonmale ki valo kichu hobe ?>
NO
50
keno valo hobe na .
kichu din por por infection hobe
51
kivabe eii baccha ke safe rakhba ? H
hygiene maintain
relatives niye beshi vir kora jabe na
51
ICT te stool niye ki dekhbo ?
Atg blood e dekhbo AB
52
a bacteria and virus that have both live and kille dvaccine ?
V Cholerae
Polio
52
Why NK cells called so ?
338
they activate without prior exposure to the virus
not enhanced by exposure
not specific for any virus
kill without AB
no need of MHC
53
HOW NK cell then kill virus <
perforins 'granzymes
54
Graft er age ki ki mesaure <
397
55
fate of graft ?
acceptsnce
or rejection
56
tumor immunity mechanism ,
400
must
57
is blood transfusion is called transplantation ??
Blood transfusion is **not** called transplantation because it involves the transfer of only blood or blood components (e.g., RBCs, plasma) rather than solid organs or tissues. Transplantation typically refers to the grafting of organs, tissues, or cells (e.g., kidney, bone marrow) that integrate into the recipient's body. Blood transfusions are temporary and do not involve long-term engraftment.
57
test done before blood donation ?
1. **Donor Questionnaire**
2. **Hemoglobin/Hematocrit Test**
3. **Blood Typing (ABO and Rh)**
4. **Infectious Disease Screening** (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis B/C, Syphilis)
5. **Blood Pressure Check**
6. **Pulse Rate Check**
7. **Temperature Check**
58
cross matching e blood na mille shei blood dile ki hobe >??
1. **Acute Hemolytic Reaction**
2. **Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)**
3. **Renal Failure**
4. **Hypotension and Shock**
5. **Jaundice**
6. **Anaphylactic Reaction**
7. **Death**
59
cause of hyperacute graft rejection ?
Hyperacute rejection is characterized by thrombotic occlusion of the graft vasculature that begins within minutes to hours after host blood vessels are anastomose to graft vessles and mediated by pre-existing AB and the host circualtion
60
which Ig in primary response >
IgM
61
Which AB in secondary response?
IgG
62
Cell mediated immunity component ?
innate
=NK cell
=macrophage
adaptive
=Th
=Tcyt
63
humoral immunity component >
innate
=neutrophil
=complement
adaptive
=B cell
=plasma cell
328
64
desensitization type >
acute
chronic
65
acute desensitization kivabe <
very small amout of Atg at 15 minutes intervels
66
cchronic desensitization?
long term administration weekly
67
IgA destroy kore emon baccteeria er criteria ki ?
capsulated
68
emon bacteria er example deo >>
Some capsulated bacteria that can produce **IgA proteases** (enzymes that destroy IgA) include:
1. **Streptococcus pneumoniae**
2. **Haemophilus influenzae**
3. **Neisseria meningitidis**
4. **Neisseria gonorrhoeae**
These bacteria use IgA proteases to evade mucosal immune defenses.
69
site of secretory IgA ?
Secretory IgA (sIgA) is primarily found at **mucosal surfaces**, including:
1. **Gastrointestinal tract**
2. **Respiratory tract**
3. **Genitourinary tract**
4. **Saliva**
5. **Tears**
6. **Breast milk**
It plays a key role in mucosal immunity by preventing pathogen attachment and invasion.
70
Splenectomy pt e jeno capsulated bacteria disease korte na pre tar jonno ki korbo ?
vaccination
71
site of destruction of capsulated bacetia >?
spleen
72
why fetus as an allograft
not rejected ?
trophoblast layer
73
Thymic educationn ?/
334
74
hybridoma ki ?
b cell + myeloma
fusion derived immortalized
AB producing cell
75
which monoclonal AB in rheumatoid arthirits >
infliximab
adalimunab
rituximab
certolizumab
76
which AB has no AB-like function ?
IgD
76
Kon AB er molecular weight beshi ?
IgM
76
why IgG can pass placenta ? i
its Fc portion can bind with placental membrane
77
then what is the fucntion of IgD ><
BCR
78
monoclonal Ab ki >
363
79
PENTAMAR konta <
IgM
80
monomar ke M
IgG
81
B cell maturation ??
335
stemcell --- pre B cell ---- B cell immature -- mature -- activated -- plasma cell
82
Th 1 2 fucntion ,
349
83
MAC ki kore <
cell lysis
84
ultimate product of complement >
MAC
85
helper T cell fucntion ?
valo kore bolte hobe
333
86
T cell release cytokine <
IL-2
TNF
IFN- gamma
87
Agglutination VS precipitation ..
416
88
IgM form >
monomaric
pentamaric
89
First which AB is produced in body ,
IgM
90
what is prozone phenomenon ?
inhibition of agglutination by excess AB
91
How to overcome prozone phenomenon ?
AB dilution kore
92
Latent TB er shomoy ki korbo ?
IGRA
93
which type is Th17 cell <
CD4+ helper cell
94
source of complement ?
liver
macrrophage
fibroblast
365
95
Function of IgM ?
primary response
fix compliment
96
Type-1 2 3 hypersensitivyt ki mediated ,
AB
97
normally complement kemon thake >
plasma te inactiavte thake
98
vaccine dile kivabe AB produce hoy ?
345
99
CMI te participate kore na ke?>
B /T ??
B cell
100
T cell VS B cell ,
336
101
epitope spreading ki /
405
102
active passive example /
325
103
3 ta complement pathway kokhon ek jaygay asbe .
C5 produce er shomoy
104
which one is central complement >,
C3b
105
activator of complement >
367
106
immunodeficeincy te complement deficiency hole ki hobe ?
C3b -- jhuma mam
pyogenic bacterial infection
107
why name B cell <
they first discovered in birds
where maturation occur in bursa of Fabricus , a lympho-epithelial organ in birds
108
T cell why this name <
mature and develop in the thymus gland
109
widal test type ?
serological
110
atopy example <
urticaria
allergic rhinits
bronchial asthma
angioedema
eczema
111
SOMC te kon kon transplantation ?
cochlear
liver
kidney
cornea
heart
cartilage
112
why IgE IN type- 1 ?
377
113
paralysis type in GBS >
Ascending
114
polio vs GBS <
Paralysis pattern
polio - asymmetrical
GBS - symmetrical + ascending
115
GBS kivabe hoy /
Compylobacter diye
116
main fucntion of AB ,
recognize and bind to foreign sundtances
117
antigen er MW kom hole problem ki <
weak immunogenic
118
which immunity exercise korle bare <
acquired
119
MW of antigen >
> 10K dalton
120
systemic immune complex disease in Type-3
AB-Atg complex deposition in circulation
121
localized type of type-3 H ,
glomerulonephritis
arthirits
122
Type-3 hypersensitivity type ?
systemic
localized
123
what is CD <
Cluster differentiation
124
acute infection which AB <>
iG,M
125
CHronic infection which AB <
IgG
126
PHYSIOLOGIC sequlae of immunodeficeincy disease <
general malnutrition
energy metabolism
trace metal deficiency
vitamin deficeincy
127
which monoclonal AB in cancer <
bevacizumab
cetuximab
panitumumab
128
ICT kit ki type type /
421
129
principle of ICT /
rapid strip based immunoassay
qualitiative
130
CFT example
kala azar
gonococcus
filatiaisi
131
slide agglutination >
serotyping of bacteria
blood grouping
132
latex <
HBsAg detection
ASO titer
133
tube <
widal test
weil felix test
134
IF /
detect T B cell
135
secondarybB ce;ll
hypogmmaglobulnemia
dec sy theiss of IgG
136
primary T cell deficiency ,
thymic aplasia
hyper-IgM syndrome
chronic mucocutanueous candiditis
137
primary B cell deficeincy >
Ig deficiency
X linked Brutons hypogammaglobulinemia
138
Secondary T cell
AIDS '
HIV
measles
3.38PM
13-2-2025
139
how IgG pass placenta ?
neonatal Fc receptor FcRn located on the syncytotrophoblast of the placenta
140
properties of IgG ?
Monomar
blood + interstitial fluyid
secondary response
fix complement
enhance complement
141
type-2 Hypersensitivity name ?
cytotoxic mediated
142
which IL produce CRP ?
IL-6
143
Protein of immune system ?
CRP
MBP
lipopolysaccharide
144
RF kon type ?
2
145
AGN kon type ?
3
146
eye e kon immune component ?
lysozyme
147
acute phase protein name ?
CRP
alpha 1 anti-trypsin
alpha 2 macroglobulin
C9
factor B
fibrinogen
148
chemical classify of Atg ?
protein
lipid
NA
polysaccharide
149
which Atg most potent ?
protein
150
cytotoxic cell konta ke kill kore /
tumor cell
graft cell
virus infected cell
151
plasma cell theeke ki toiri ?
AB
152
B cell to plasma hote ki lage ?
IL-4 5
153
Complement deficinecny whicch N ?
N meningitis
154
beshi AB ?
IgG -75%
155
2nd beshi AB ?
IgA -15%
156
primary vs secondary immune response ?
341
157
NK dekhte kemon ?
granular large lymphpcyte
158
shape of immunoglobulins ?
Y
159
portion koyta ?
Fab
Fc
160
Fc portion why ?
portion of carboxyl terminal
fraction crytallized
161
Fab portion why ?
antigen bind
162
merits and demerits of immune response ?
324
163
why no immune response in spermatic cord ?
Blood testis barrier
fas ligand - induce apoptosis
testestorione -suprress immune activation
164
immunity def ?
all those physiological mechanism
that endow the individual
with the ability to
recognize materials foreign to itself
and to neutrilize
metabolize / eliminbate it
with / without injury to the host cell
165
functions of innate immunity ?
killing invading microbes
activating adaptive immunity
mam slide
166
in which case penicillin IV ?
bacterial meningitis
neurosyphillis
gas gangrene
anthrax
167
which test before this ?
skin test
gram stain
sensitivity test
168
immunodeficeiy disorder example must ?
410
169
erytrhoblastosis fetalis ??
👶🔴 **Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)**
- **Cause**: Maternal **IgG** Abs against fetal **RBC Ags** (Rh incompatibility, ABO less severe).
- **Pathophys**: **Rh⁻ mother ⟶ Rh⁺ fetus** ⟶ sensitization (1st pregnancy) ⟶ **IgG anti-D Abs** cross placenta (2nd pregnancy) ⟶ fetal RBC hemolysis.
- **Sx**: **Hydrops fetalis**, anemia, jaundice (↑unconj. bilirubin), hepatosplenomegaly, kernicterus.
- **Dx**: **Coombs test** (Direct + on newborn RBCs).
- **Tx**: **Exchange transfusion**.
- **Prevention**: **RhoGAM** (Anti-D Ig at 28wks + postpartum).
@usmlereviews
170
coombs test all
415
171
why preganancy immunodeficiency state
🤰📉 **Pregnancy = Immunodeficient State**
- **🔻Th1, 🔺Th2, 🔺Tregs** ⟶ ↓cell-mediated immunity.
- **Hormones**: **↑Progesterone, Estrogen, hCG, Cortisol** ⟶ immunosuppression.
- **Placenta**: **No MHC-I (syncytiotrophoblast), HLA-G** ⟶ NK cell inhibition.
- **Effect**: **↑Infections (Listeria, CMV), ↓Autoimmune flares (RA)**.
@usmlereviews
172
example of immunodeficient state ?
🦠📉 **Examples of Immunodeficient States**
1. **Primary (Congenital)**
- **X-linked Agammaglobulinemia** (BTK mut ⟶ ⛔ B cells)
- **SCID** (Adenosine deaminase def, IL-2Rγ mut ⟶ ⛔ T/B cells)
- **Hyper-IgM Syndrome** (CD40L defect ⟶ ⛔ class switching)
- **DiGeorge Syndrome** (22q11 del ⟶ ⛔ T cells, thymic aplasia)
2. **Secondary (Acquired)**
- **HIV/AIDS** (CD4+ T cell depletion)
- **Chemo/Radiation** (BM suppression)
- **Pregnancy** (Th1 ⬇, Th2 ⬆)
- **Diabetes** (Neutrophil dysfunction)
- **Malnutrition** (Zinc, protein def ⟶ T cell impairment)
@usmlereviews
173
which vaccine form part of a bacteria ?
🦠💉 **Subunit (Component-Based) Bacterial Vaccines**
1. **Toxoid Vaccines** (Inactivated bacterial toxin)
- **Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)**
- **Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)**
2. **Polysaccharide Vaccines** (Capsular Ag, ± conjugation for T-cell response)
- **Pneumococcal (Strep. pneumoniae)** **(PCV = conjugate, PPSV = polysaccharide)**
- **Meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis)**
- **Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)**
3. **Protein Subunit Vaccines**
- **Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis)** (**aP in DTaP/Tdap**)
@usmlereviews
174
which one is good
vaccine or AB >?
💉 vs. 🦠 **Vaccine vs. Antibody Therapy**
🔹 **Vaccine (Active Immunity)** ✅ **Best for Prevention**
- **MOA**: Stimulates **immune memory (B/T cells)**.
- **Duration**: **Long-term** (years-lifetime).
- **Types**: Live, inactivated, subunit, toxoid.
- **Example**: MMR, DTaP, Hep B.
🔹 **Antibody Therapy (Passive Immunity)** ✅ **Best for Immediate Protection**
- **MOA**: Pre-formed **IgG Abs** neutralize pathogen.
- **Duration**: **Short-term** (weeks-months).
- **Types**: Monoclonal Abs, IVIG, convalescent plasma.
- **Example**: RhoGAM, Tetanus Ig, Rabies Ig.
**Best Choice?**
- **Prevention** ⟶ **Vaccine**.
- **Immediate protection (high-risk exposure, immunocomp.)** ⟶ **Antibody**.
@usmlereviews
175
Which AB not like AB ?
igd
176
IGd koi <
BCR
177
CMI kivabe hoy ?
346
178
HI kivabe hoy >
346
179
autoimmunity ki mediated ?
cell
B & T cell
180
which pathway first and why ?
🛡️ **Complement Activation: First Pathway?**
🔹 **Alternative Pathway (First)** ✅ **Always Active**
- **MOA**: **Spontaneous C3 hydrolysis** (tickover).
- **Why?** No need for Abs, **innate defense**.
- **Fastest** response to **pathogens (LPS, fungi, bacteria)**.
🔹 **Lectin & Classical (Delayed)**
- **Lectin**: **MBL binds mannose** (bacterial sugars).
- **Classical**: **C1 binds IgG/IgM** (adaptive, needs Abs).
@usmlereviews
181
role of 8 ?
MHC-II = 4
MHC-I = 8
182
How APC cell present atg ?
APC must have MHC-I / II
present to T cell (CD 4/8)
342
APC - Co-stimulation
183
MHC ki RBC te pawa jay >
immature e
cause tara neucleated
184
toxin er against e kon complement ? a
alternative
185
IgM IgG er agaiant kon complement ?
classical
186
smallest AB ?
IgG
187
largest AB >
IgM
188
no MHC where in body ?
Both MHC-I & II Absent ❌
Corneal Cells (Immune privilege ⛔ rejection).
Sperm Cells (partially) (Immune tolerance).
189
atg-ab reaction name inside and outside the body ?
🦠🔬 **Ag-Ab Reaction (In Vivo vs. In Vitro)**
🔹 **Inside Body (In Vivo)** 🏥
- **Neutralization** (Toxins, viruses blocked).
- **Opsonization** (IgG tags for phagocytosis).
- **ADCC (Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity)** (NK cells kill).
- **Complement Activation** (Classical pathway ⬆ C1 binding).
- **Immune Complex Formation** (Type III hypersensitivity).
🔹 **Outside Body (In Vitro)** 🧪
- **Precipitation** (Soluble Ag + Ab → visible complex).
- **Agglutination** (Particulate Ag + Ab → clumping, e.g., ABO test).
- **ELISA** (Ag-Ab binding → color change).
- **Western Blot** (Protein-Ab detection).
- **Immunofluorescence** (Tagged Abs detect Ag).
@usmlereviews
190
APC in which type of immunity ?
Adaptive immune response
191
are APC neucleated cell ?
YES
192
memory T cell which type of response ?
secondary
193
how memory T cell produce >
194
if antigen enter into the body how cell will determine whether CMI / HI needed ?
atg - outside the body -- HI - AB
atg - inside the body CMI - cytotoxic T cell
195
central tolerance kader beeshuu ?
old
196
IL-4,5 from where in B cell ?
Th2
197
IL4 ??
b CELL growth
198
IL-5 ??
B cell differentiation
199
why Type=4 delayed ?
starts hours/days after contact with the ATG
last for days
200
which cell in type-4 ?
helper + cytotoxc
389
201
epitope spreading disease /
SLE
chrons disease
ulcerative collitis
IBD
202
coxsackie disease ?
myopcarditis
DM-1
203
sensitive test for SLE ?
Anti-nuclear antibody
ANA test
204
type 5 hypersensitivity?
graves d
myasthenia gravis
205
type 5 what ?
AB target surface receptor that are activated by hormones
206
cell mediated killing // AB ?
347
