Mycobacterium Flashcards

Question

Pathogenesis of TB in one line ??

Answer 1

Anti Mycobacterial Cell mediated immunity | 263

Answer 2

Inhalation - Lower lobes of lung - Macrophage

Answer 3

Bacilli present in the macrophage recruit epithelioid & langhans cells

Answer 4

G Focus + Regional lymph node-Lymphadenitis | 263

Answer 5

Caseous necrosis | 263

Answer 6

CMI -- APC -- Present Macrophage -- Th cell -- IL-12 -- Th1 --- Granuloma + CN --- IFN-Gamma --- Macrophage activate -- Epithelioid cell -- Giant cells | 263

Answer 7

Pale yellow caseous nodule | 263

Answer 8

Primary compleex of RANKE | 263

Answer 9

1. Miliary TB 2. Intestinal TB 3. T meningitis 4. T plurisy | 263 ## Footnote Progressive primary TB

Answer 10

1. 90% No Disease 2. 10% Secondary TB | 264

Answer 11

Apex of the upper lobes | 264

Answer 12

Vertebral osteomyelitis Potts disease | 264

Answer 13

1. Lungs 2. Tonsil 3. Skin 4. Intestine | 265

Answer 14

1. Cough 2. Hemoptosis | 265

Answer 15

1. Pleura 2. Larynx 3. Lymph nodes 4. GIT 5. Kidney 6. Bone 7. Joints 8. Spine 9. CNS | 265

Answer 16

1. Fever 2. Fatigue 3. Sweat 4. Weight loss | 265

Answer 17

Delayed hypersensitivity Caseating granuloma + cavitation tuberculin necrotizing toxin -TNT Early secreted antigen-6 ESAT-6 271 | 265

Answer 18

Is a granuloma sourrounded by fibrous tissue --- caseation necrosis | 265

Answer 19

1. Fibrosis 2. Calcification | 265

Answer 20

Secondary TB | 266

Answer 21

1. No prevoius immunity 2. Miliary TB - Dissemination 3. Meningitis 4. Other organ involvement | 267

Answer 22

1. Exudative 2. Granulomatous

Answer 23

1. Central - Giant cell + Tubercle bacilli 2. Surround by - Zone of epithelioid cells | 267

Answer 24

1. Lowenstein jenson 2. Middle brook 3. BDMGIT Becton Dickinson M Growth Indicator Tube | 267

Answer 25

1. Light microscopy 2. Fluroscence microscopy | 267

Answer 26

1. PPD test 2. IGRA

Answer 27

1. True NAT 2. Xpert 3. MTB/XDR 4. gene expert 5. CBNAAT | 267

Answer 28

1. PCR 2. Line probe aasay LPA 3. In terferone Gamma Release Assay=IGRA 4. Luciferase assaay 5. Tuberculin / Mantaux test | 267

Answer 29

Protein derivative - ID - Diameter of induration - (Thickening) - Erythema (Redding ) | 268

Answer 30

1. GeneXpert MTB/RIF test 2. Molecular probe- DNA probe to detect RNA sequence 3. HPLC 4. Urine test to detect Lipoarabinomannan | 269

Answer 31

Purified Protein Derivatives 0.1 ml 5TU ID

Answer 32

1. 15 mm - No known risk 2. 10 mm - with high risk 3. 5 mm - Deficient CMI Close contact with a person having active TB | 268

Answer 33

1. Isoniazid 2. Rifampicin | 273

Answer 34

1. Isoniazid 2. Rifampicin 3. Fluroquinolone 4. Kanamycin 5. Amikacin

Answer 35

1. > 10AFB = Report +++ 2. (1-10) AFB/field = R ++ 3. (10-100) AFB/field=R+ 4. (1-9) AFB/100 f = R the exact number

Answer 36

Produce Niacin | 268

Answer 37

1. Identify M T complex 2. Detects genes that encode Rifampicin resistance | 269

Answer 38

Skin test + Patient has no TB | 270

Answer 39

Pt has TB Skin test is - | 270

Answer 40

1. Dysuria 2. Hematuria 3. Flank pain 4. Sterile pyuria

Answer 41

Leprosy / Hansens disease | 275

Answer 42

20 hours per week for atleast 3 months in a year | 275

Answer 43

Grows very slowly slowest growing human bacterial pathogens - 14 days | 275

Answer 44

Prolonged duration + Close contact | 275

Answer 45

Skin & Nerve cells (Schwann cells ) | 275

Answer 46

1. Direct contact with the bacterium 2. CMI attack on the nerves | 275

Answer 47

Ulnar | 275

Answer 48

1. In tuberculoid leprosy 2. In lepromatous leprosy | 276

Answer 49

Lepromatous leprosy | 276

Answer 50

In tuberculoid leprsoy ## Footnote 276

Answer 51

In L L | 276

Answer 52

IN tuberculoid leprosy | 276

Answer 53

Leonine /Lion like facies Prominant brow | 276

Answer 54

LL >>>>>> TL | 276

Answer 55

1. Leoline facies 2. Necrosis of bones & cartilage 3. Testicular atrophjy | 276

Answer 56

Foam cells - Lipid laden macrophages

Answer 57

1. Corneal ulcer 2. Claw hand 3. Foot drop 4. Loss of digits 5. Trophic ulcers 6. Peripheral neuropathy | 276

Answer 58

Typical granuloma | 277

Answer 59

Lipid laden macrophage / Foam cells in nLL | 279

Answer 60

IgM against Phenolic Glycolipid-1 but not in TL | 276

Answer 61

Ziehl neelson staining with 5% H2SO4 | 279

Answer 62

1. M Laprae 2. Chlamydia 3. Rickettsiae 4. Treponema pallidum | CRTM

Answer 63

Acute exacerbation of any form of leprosy | 279

Answer 64

Bright red straight / curved rods arranged in parallel bundles/ Bundles of cigars | 277

Answer 65

1. Fever 2. Raised ESR 3. Erythema nodosum leprosum - Painful nodules neuritis uveitis | 279

Answer 66

1. Dapsone 2. Rifampicine 3. Clofazimine | 279

Answer 67

Multiple ulcer + Endarteritis in LL 279

Answer 68

Mouse footpad / in the armadillo reservoir for human infection ZoonOTIC D | 275

Answer 69

let alone hair nail everywhere | 265

Answer 70

ziehl neelson

Answer 71

red bacilli blue background | 269

Answer 72

floxor aspect of the forearm

Answer 73

rikabibazar

Answer 74

about - half an hour for immediate hypersensitivity then advised to report after 72 hours

Answer 75

280 whole comparison

Answer 76

doubling time = 18 hours slow grower

Answer 77

live attenuated vaccine

Answer 78

children der TB prevent korar jonno

Answer 79

Sterile pyuria is the presence of elevated white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine (pyuria) without detectable bacteria in a routine urine culture

Answer 80

niacin - 280

Answer 81

In cases of **renal tuberculosis (TB) with sterile pyuria**, the specific culture media used to isolate *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* are: 1. **Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium** 2. **Middlebrook 7H10 Agar** 3. **Middlebrook 7H11 Agar** 4. **Middlebrook 7H9 Broth** (used in liquid culture systems like BACTEC MGIT 960) These media are specifically designed for the growth of mycobacteria, including *M. tuberculosis*, and are essential for diagnosing renal TB when sterile pyuria is present.

Answer 82

holding method flash method UHT

Answer 83

Unpasteurized milk

Answer 84

Ultra high temperature method

Answer 85

133 FOR 2 sec

Answer 86

AFB Some slowly , some rapid intracellular multiplication do not form spores obligate aerobe

Answer 87

Glycerol sudhu M t er growth promote kore

Answer 88

GeneXpert LED microscope Digital X-ray machine

Answer 89

malachite green inhibit kore

Answer 90

M bovis bovine TB

Answer 91

TUBERSOL tuberculin purified protein 3.3.2025 2.36PM pari nai

Answer 92

Mt - 18 hr E coli - 20 min

Answer 93

18–24 hours at 35–37°C (under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, depending on the organism).

Answer 94

lunf disease swiming pool granuloma / fish tank g \scrofula skin infections

Answer 95

Red color: Due to retention of carbol fuchsin by the acid-fast mycolic acids in the mycobacterial cell wall. Blue background: Due to the counterstain (methylene blue or malachite green) applied after decolorization.

Answer 96

The **Ziehl-Neelsen stain** is named after two microbiologists: **Franz Ziehl**, a German bacteriologist, and **Friedrich Neelsen**, a German pathologist. They modified the staining technique to identify acid-fast bacteria like *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*. (Source: **Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).

Answer 97

The **Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining process** for acid-fast bacteria like *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* involves the following steps: 1. **Primary Staining**: Flood the slide with **carbol fuchsin** and heat gently to allow the dye to penetrate the mycobacterial cell wall. 2. **Decolorization**: Rinse with n20% - H2SO4 **acid-alcohol** to remove the dye from non-acid-fast cells. 3. **Counterstaining**: Apply **methylene blue** to stain non-acid-fast cells and the background. **Result**: Acid-fast bacteria (e.g., *M. tuberculosis*) appear **red**, while non-acid-fast cells and the background appear **blue**.

Answer 98

Z-N kinyoun fluroscent - auramine rhodamine

Answer 99

ileocecal region

Answer 100

jekhane O2 beshi apex of the upper lobe 264

Answer 101

check korte hobe

Answer 102

**Mycobacterium leprae**, the causative agent of leprosy, cannot grow in standard laboratory culture media due to the following reasons: 1. **Obligate Intracellular Pathogen**: - *M. leprae* requires a highly specialized environment within host cells (e.g., Schwann cells and macrophages) to survive and replicate. It cannot metabolize or grow independently outside a host. 2. **Extremely Slow Growth Rate**: - *M. leprae* has an exceptionally slow replication time (approximately **12–14 days**), making it difficult to cultivate in vitro. 3. **Complex Nutritional Requirements**: - The bacterium relies on host-derived nutrients and factors that cannot be replicated in artificial culture media. 4. **Genome Reduction**: - *M. leprae* has a highly reduced genome with many non-functional genes, limiting its ability to synthesize essential metabolites required for growth in culture. Alternative Methods for Study: - **Animal Models**: *M. leprae* can be grown in the footpads of mice or armadillos, which provide a suitable host environment. - **Molecular Techniques**: PCR and genomic studies are used to detect and study *M. leprae* without the need for culture. (Source: **Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**)

Answer 103

Alternative Methods for Study: - **Animal Models**: *M. leprae* can be grown in the footpads of mice or armadillos, which provide a suitable host environment. - **Molecular Techniques**: PCR and genomic studies are used to detect and study *M. leprae* without the need for culture.

Answer 104

malnutrition

Answer 105

The variation in susceptibility to **tuberculosis (TB)** is due to differences in **host immunity** and **genetic factors**. Some individuals have strong cell-mediated immunity that controls *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* infection, while others with weakened immunity (e.g., due to HIV, malnutrition, or diabetes) are more likely to develop active disease. (Source: **Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).

Answer 106

modified Z-N staining

Answer 107

5% H2SO4 = M l // // 20% H2SO4 = Mt 51 page prem sir ques

Answer 108

kazirbazar - sheikhghat

Answer 109

grows in = optimal T for growth = 30* which is less than body temperature grows preferentially 275

Answer 110

skin superficial nerve - ulnar nerve

Answer 111

**Leprosy (Hansen's disease)** is caused by infection with the bacterium **Mycobacterium leprae**. It primarily spreads through **prolonged close contact** (e.g., respiratory droplets from the nose and mouth of an infected person). However, not everyone gets infected, as **host immune system** and **genetic factors** play a significant role. (Source: **Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).

Answer 112

hansens disease

Answer 113

immune system weak hoye jay tai

Answer 114

The **lepromin test** interpretation is as follows: 1. **Positive Reaction (Induration >5 mm)**: - Indicates a **cell-mediated immune response** to *Mycobacterium leprae*, seen in **tuberculoid leprosy** or healthy individuals exposed to the bacteria. 2. **Negative Reaction (No Induration)**: - Suggests **anergy** (lack of immune response), commonly seen in **lepromatous leprosy** or immunocompromised individuals. (Source: **Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).

Answer 115

prolonged duration close contact 20hours per week for atleast 3 months in a year

Answer 116

14 days 275

Answer 117

bacilli calmette guerin

Answer 118

developed - 80% underdevelopeed = 0%

Answer 119

developing country low socio-economic status humidity beshi air er overpopulated

Answer 120

0.05ML skin of the lower part of the deltoid region - left arm after birth ID

Answer 121

Pt er kun position theke smaple nicchi

Answer 122

intracellular surviva

Answer 123

Low-grade fever can occur in a variety of diseases. Here are **five examples**: 1. **Tuberculosis (TB)** 2. **Brucellosis** 3. **HIV/AIDS** 4. **Lymphoma** 5. **Chronic Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)** These conditions often present with persistent or recurrent low-grade fever as a symptom. (Source: **Clinical Medicine and Pathophysiology**).

Answer 124

At first TB was thought to be a fungal disease tai Myco-name