Important Concepts from Unit 10 Notes

Question 1

true/false: social dynamics and cultural practices and beliefs in every society have long been affected by transnational processes that linked societies together and transformed them

Answer 1

true

Question 2

anthropologists such as _______ and __________ have also note how globalization can lead to unequal and exploitative divisions of labour even in the most intimate aspects of our lives. They argue that the twentieth century has seen the rise of what they term “stratified reproduction”

Answer 2

Faye Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp,
they observe, middle-class and wealthy families in the Global North may obtain childcare from immigrant workers from the Global South, who in turn send part of their earnings home as remittances to help fund grandparents and other relatives who take over the task of raising these individuals’ own children

Question 3

true/false: globalization can also provide new opportunities for the poor and the dispossessed

Answer 3

true,
while both colonialism and globalization often brought disease, devastation, and misery to indigenous peoples, in recent years, indigenous groups have been increasingly successful at forming global social and political movements to defend their rights

Question 4

In the ______’s, indigenous groups in the Amazon organized together under the leadership of the Kayapo to prevent the construction of a proposed hydroelectric dam. Their successful campaign against the dam relied in great part on the ability to combine indigenous political skills with knowledge of Portuguese and media savviness. Various Kayapo chiefs toured Europe and appeared publicly with well-known celebrities, including the rock star, Sting, to support their cause. This movement had some temporary success

Answer 4

1980’s, in 2010 the Brazilian government renewed their plans for the dam and as of 2017, it was under construction

When built, it is anticipated that this dam will lead to the displacement of thousands of indigenous peoples and the destruction of thousands of square kilometres of rainforest

Question 5

The __________, for instance, which was put into place following World War II, provides an excellent example of the idea that the world should be divided into separate self-governing nations, even as it starts to undermine the separateness of these nation-states

Answer 5

United Nations, it forges new international connections by bringing separate nation-states together in an attempt at some form of collective governance and regulation of the world’s affairs

Question 6

true/false: the increased flows of people, technology, capital, and ideologies unleased by globalization in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries hasn’t increasingly undermined the autonomy of nation-states

Answer 6

false

Question 7

____________ refers to a “form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state”

Answer 7

transborder state (citizens of a particular state continue to be claimed as members of that state even after they have left it to live elsewhere)

Question 8

___________, in turn, refers to the inclusion as citizens of both individuals who were born in or otherwise acquired citizenship within a particular nation-state and continue to reside there and individuals who are citizens of that nation-state but now reside abroad

Answer 8

transborder citizenry

Question 9

______ refers to “migrant populations who live in a variety of different locales around the world”

Answer 9

Diaspora (They are individuals who claim a shared national or cultural identity but do not live in a single nation-state, even if they in many cases claim a shared identity or ancestry through a common national origin)

Question 10

what is the main example for diaspora populations?

Answer 10

Cuba, and subsequently, Miami!

After the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and the declaration of Cuba as socialist in 1961, for instance, there was a mass exodus of many Cubans, often middle-class and white, who disagreed with the new government’s policies. Leaving behind their homes and taking only with them their belongings, they left primarily for Miami. The Cuban presence in Miami, in turn, is now so strong that there is even a neighbourhood in Miami called Little Havana

Question 11

who created the term “flexible citizenship”?

Answer 11

Aihwa Ong

Question 12

__________ refers to “strategies employed by individuals who regularly move across state boundaries in order to circumvent and benefit from different nation-state regimes”

Answer 12

flexible citizenship

Question 13

who did Aihwa Ong primarily study while creating the term “flexible citizenship”?

Answer 13

elite diasporic Chinese communities, they would use citizenship in many different places to their advantage, giving them the most opportunities and increasing their generational wealth (Britain, China, Hong Kong, US)

“I can live anywhere in the world, but it must be near an airport”

Question 14

__________: they “submit to the regulations of the capitalist market while trying to evade the regulations of nation-states, ultimately because their only true loyalty is to the family business”

Answer 14

post-national (what the elite diasporic Chinese adopted)

Question 15

_____________ view of globalization has also sometimes been referred to as the “McDonaldization of the world.”

Answer 15

cultural imperialist,
Largely devised outside of anthropology, this view of globalization argues that in recent years Western cultures have come to dominate all others and that this domination takes the form of erasing all other cultural particularities and assimilating dominated cultures to Western forms

Question 16

canadian radio stations having to play a certain amount of Canadian music is an example of resistance to…

Answer 16

cultural imperialism, trying to preserve/protect our own culture

Question 17

the cultural imperialism thesis has proven unsatisfactory for three reasons, what are they?

Answer 17

the notion of cultural imperialism denies agency to non-Western peoples

the cultural imperialism thesis tends to assume that global flows move only in one direction: from the West to the rest

global flows sometimes bypass the West altogether in ways that prove significant for local cultural practices and beliefs

Question 18

Anthropologist _________ (1997), for instance, notes that Indian movies have captured the interests and passions of Hausa people in Northern Nigeria. He argues that the Hausa enjoy Indian films because they detect cultural similarities in dress, food, orientation to family, and in growing tensions between traditional notions of marriage as a family oriented practice versus emerging ideals of romance.

Answer 18

Brian Larkin

Question 19

true/false: the boundaries between different cultural groups are porous and fuzzy, cultures often change over time, and cultures are internally diverse and non-homogenous

Answer 19

true

Question 20

in 1947, anthropologist _________ argued that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was largely being drafted by people from western societies, and that it needed to take into account cultural difference

Answer 20

Melville Herskovitz

Question 21

true/false: some anthropologists have argued that human rights are opposed to culture

Answer 21

true,
From this perspective, people have no choice but to follow the rules of the culture into which they are born

Question 22

__________ worked in a slum settlement in Baan Nua, Thailand, which was situated near a seaside resort that catered to foreign tourists

Answer 22

Heather Montgomery,
Residents of the settlement had in many cases moved there from other areas of the country. As a result, they had broken ties with other family members and, often, ties between parents and children living together in the settlement were quite strong

Question 23

child ___________ in Thailand demonstrates some of the ways in which local cultural practices can come into conflict with human rights discourse

Answer 23

prostitution,
children were expected to help provide for their families, and this was the most lucrative way to do so

Question 24

true/false: Applying Western ideals of what constitutes an appropriate childhood to all cultures may thus constitute a form of cultural imperialism

Answer 24

true

Question 25

“a judgement that said that children should be removed from their families because they were engaging in prostitution in that context would be in conflict with the children’s rights to remain with their families” is an example of the conflict between….?

Answer 25

conflicts between human rights, often one is prioritized over the other

Question 26

In this case, __________ adopts a culturally relativistic perspective on child prostitution, noting how this activity responds to the poverty of families in this region as well as values that expect children to do help support families. But at the same time, cultural relativism is not the same as moral relativism. Thus, _________ does not conclude that we should condone or accept child prostitution in Baan Nua. Rather, she ultimately concludes that the best way to address the problem would be to help the families find alternative ways of having sustainable incomes while allowing them to remain together rather than by enforcing punitive measures on the children’s parents.

Answer 26

Heather Montgomery

Question 27

true/false: one of the primary uses of anthropology is that, as a discipline, by exposing researchers and students to the wide range of cultural beliefs and practices that exist in the world, it can help us gain critical insight into our own beliefs and practices; to understand that these are not simply natural, right, and universal, but historically and culturally contingent in their own right; and, as a result, to gain new respect for the values and practices of others

Answer 27

true!