Important Concepts from Unit 8 notes

Question 1

political theorist ________ (1998) discusses how the ideal common to many modern Western societies that individuals should find self-fulfillment through work can itself often function as a means of extracting more labour from individuals

Answer 1

Nikolas Rose

Question 2

why was Indian sprinter Dutee Chand banned from international competition?

Answer 2

her testosterone levels were “too high”, she fought the suspension and continued racing

Question 3

________ conducted research on individuals with 5ARD, a rare hormonal condition in which chromosomal males are born with ambiguous genitalia, and that these individuals were assigned into a third sex category instead in the Dominican Republic and New Guinea

Answer 3

Gilbert Herdt

Question 4

what are the main two examples of “third gender roles”?

Answer 4

First Nations: two-spirited
India: hijras (undergo surgery and are expected to not be sexually active)

both- males dress as females and adopt feminine traits, have sex with males

Question 5

which society is an example of frequent sexual activity and sexual satisfaction of both men and women?
what’s a culture where this is NOT true?

Answer 5

Ju’hoansi
Dani of highland New Guinea

Question 6

who studied male sexual partners in Nicaragua in the 1980s?

Answer 6

Richard Lancaster

Question 7

who studied female sexual partners in Kenya?

Answer 7

Gill Shepherd

Question 8

True/false: Michel Foucault argued that under feudalism, the power of the King or other rulers resides in their ability to have citizens put to death, and that modern governments exercise power through various administrative systems dedicated to fostering, managing, and disciplining life

Answer 8

true

Question 9

“kinship” can also be known as… (two definitions)

Answer 9

“fictive”, “chosen” kin

Question 10

These are all common issues surrounding…

1. How to carry out the recruitment of legitimate group members, for instance, through marriage, birth, or adoption.
2. Where group members should live, or rules and norms surrounding residence.
3. How to establish inter-generational links or descent, which includes determining which consanguineal relationships matter for different considerations of descent.
4. Related to the above point, norms around _____ relations often address questions of how to pass on social positions (succession) or material goods (inheritance)

Answer 10

kinship

Question 11

true/false: men typically have more wealth and influence in a matrilineage than do women in a patrilineage, and brothers may retain a controlling interest in the lineage into which they are born

Answer 11

true

Question 12

____: a social position into which you are born

Answer 12

ascribed status

Question 13

____: a social position that you achieve later in life as a result of your own or others’ efforts

Answer 13

achieved status

Question 14

________ worked with gay and lesbian people in San Francisco in the 1980’s, and explored how her interlocutors often created families of choice out of friends and lovers

Answer 14

Kath West

Question 15

what is considered the universal form of exogamy?

Answer 15

incest taboo

Question 16

In a typical system of __________________ within a patrilineal society, each son would be ideally required to marry his mother’s brother’s daughter

Answer 16

matrilateral cross-cousin marriage

Question 17

In a ________ pattern of residence, the couple establishes a new household in a place of their own choosing, separately from the kin of either individual

Answer 17

neolocal, most common in North America

Question 18

A _____ residence pattern refers to cases in which a couple is expected to live with or near the husband’s father’s family

Answer 18

patrilocal, typical of societies in which descent is patrilineal (most common pattern of residence of them all)

Question 19

In a _______ residence pattern, married spouses live with or near the family in which the wife was raised

Answer 19

matrilocal, often cultures in which descent is matrilineal

Question 20

A second residence pattern often found in societies in which descent is matrilineal is _______ residence

Answer 20

avunculocal, in which a couple lives with or near a husband’s mother’s brother (occurs among the Chamorros of the Mariana islands and the Taino of Turks and Caicos Islands)

Question 21

In an _______ residence pattern, the couple chooses which family they wish to reside and affiliate themselves with. This residence pattern is common among the Mbuti of Ituri Forest

Answer 21

ambilocal

Question 22

In a _______ residence pattern, each partner lives with his or her own lineage after marriage, as occurs among the Minangkabau of Indonesia

Answer 22

duolocal

Question 23

______: Women are expected to marry into lineages of higher status than the ones into which they were born

Answer 23

hypergamous

Question 24

As a result of this exogamous and hypergamous marriage practice, women end up living as low-rank outsiders in their husband’s households and villages, a situation which often ends up placing them under the strict control of their mothers in law.
Where does this take place? And to whom?

Answer 24

The Rajputs of Northern India

Question 25

_____________ refers to a marriage pattern in which one man is married at a single time to two or more wives

Answer 25

Polygyny

Question 26

___________ refers to a marriage between one woman and two or more men

Answer 26

polyandry, most common form is fraternal polyandry (practiced for instance in Nepal and Tibet), where a woman marries the eldest son but is considered to be married to all his brothers (born or unborn)

Question 27

In his work among the Nuer, who reside in East Africa in South Sudan and Ethiopia, British social anthropologist ___________________ observed two alternative forms of marriage practice; a woman could marry another woman and become the “father” of that woman’s children AND ghost marriage (a male kin member of a man who died without children married a woman in the name of the deceased, who then became the father of any children of that marriage)

Answer 27

E.E. Evans-Pritchard

Question 28

_________: a family unit that is based on marriage and minimally includes a spousal pair and their children

Answer 28

conjugal family (!)

Question 29

_______: any family that is not a married couple and their children (single parents, etc.)

Answer 29

non-conjugal family (!)

Question 30

in Southern India in the 1980s, __________ (2012) argues, not only were arranged marriages the norm, they were widely accepted and approved of by both elders and younger people, the main reason why is because marriages were key for constructing alliances between families, lineages, and clans

Answer 30

David McCurdy

Question 31

true/false: McCurdy argued that in India, kinship remained important to younger generations. McCurdy argued that one reason youth continued to support arranged marriages and other practices that reinforced kin relations was that family loyalty was often key to economic survival

Answer 31

true!