Innate defenses of mucosal surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main defenses of mucosal surfaces

A

1 - innate immunity
2 - adaptive immunity
3 - nonspecific barrier defenses

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2
Q

how are gram-negative mucosal pathogens transmited ?

A

SEVEN F’s

feces, food, fluids, fingers, flies, fomites, fornication

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3
Q

what gram negative bacteria can cause disease at small innoculum size ?

A

Shigella dysenteriae

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4
Q

what gram negative group needs a larger inoculum size to cause disease

A

salmonella

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5
Q

what are some of the natural barrier defenses (anatomical and physiological) of the GI tract

A

acidity changes (stomach vs. intestine)
motility of fluids (peristalsis)
mucous layer and glycocalyx
tight junctions

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6
Q

why are there more bacteria found in the large intestine compared to the small intestine

A

the motility of fluids is slower in large intestine, thus easier for bacteria to attach to

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7
Q

why are humans not ALWAYS infected with gram negative bacteria

A

Cuz there are many good gram negative bacteria in body, and those microbes take up potential attachment sites before bad bacteria

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8
Q

what is a lysozyme and how does it work ?

A

secretory antimicrobial compound that cleave beta 1,4 bonds

-kills murein (which makes peptidoglycan) so essentially kills gram positive bacteria

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9
Q

what is a lactoferrin and what does it do

A

secretory antimicrobial compound that sequesters iron (so bacteria cant use to make virulence factors)

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10
Q

what is cathelicidin and what does it do

A

secretory antimicrobial compound that disrupts both gram + and - bacterial membranes and then lyses them

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11
Q

what are defensins and what are the 2 types

A

secretory antimicrobial compounds that target microbe immune systems

  • alpha-made by immune cells
  • beta - made by epithelial cells
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12
Q

what are the 3 strategies that pathogenic bacteria use to overcome innate barrier defenses

A
  • acid resistance (to get them through stomach)
  • fimbriae/pili (allow for attachment and not washed off)
  • bacterial structures to combat antimicrobial compounds
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13
Q

once a pathogenic bacteria gets across the hosts mucous membrane, what is the next and most important line of defense

A

macrophages which recognize, engulf, and kill

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14
Q

how do macrophages detect when foreign pathogenic bacteria have entered the cell

A

have pathogen recognize receptors that recognize PAMP’s

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15
Q

what are PAMP’s

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (on bacteria)

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16
Q

what specific pathogen recognition receptor recognizes LPS (type of PAMP’s) in gram negative bacteria, and is the main receptor for defense vs. gram negative bacteria

A

TLR4

17
Q

once macrophages are activated, what else do they signal

A

signal cytokines which signal other immune cells

18
Q

what is the negative side of macrophages signalling the cytokine inflammatory response

A

cytokines can disrupt tight junctions of epithelial cells making it easier for microbes to penetrate mucosal layer

19
Q

what are siderophores and who do they help

A

they sequester iron for the bacteria in low iron environments
-combats lactoferrin antimicrobial compound

20
Q

some bacteria develop capsules once they are inside the cell, what would this help avoid ?

A

phagocytosis

21
Q

the adaptive immune response of the human body is generated where ?

A

in the lymph nodes

-densest clusters of lymph nodes are located near mucosal membranes