Innate Overview

Question 1

phagolysosome

Answer 1

what neutrophils/macrophages use to engulf bacteria and degrade

Question 2

Macrophages roll in innate immune system

Answer 2

kill and degrade, but also present peptides from the antigens

Question 3

dendritic cells roll in innate immune

Answer 3

immunosurveillance…efficient at presenting antigens they picked up via endocytosis to T cells

notice PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 4

follicular dendritic cells roll in innate immune response

Answer 4

specialized stromal cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, that are good at trapping antigens and presenting to to B cells

Question 5

natural killer cells roll in innate immune response

Answer 5

mature in bone marrow, contain granules of grnazyme and perforin, also have receptors for IgG on membrane so if it attaches then will kill the cell

plays large part in killing viral infected cells and malignant cells

Question 6

pattern recognition receptors

Answer 6

proteins involved in innate immune with recognition of microbes, they can recognize and interact with components specific to microbes

can be extracellular or transmembrane, cytosolic and endosomal

Question 7

PAMPs

DAMPs

Answer 7

pathogen associated molecular patterns are the microbial molecules that stimulate innate immunity..by binding neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells

Damage associated molecular patterns are also things that bind to pattern recognition receptors on neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Question 8

Examples of PAMPs

Answer 8

endotoxin or LPS
mannose residues of bacterial glycoproteins
dsRNA in viruses
unmehtylated GC rich oligonucleotides in microbial DNA

Question 9

extracellular or membrane TLRs recognize what?

Answer 9

microbial proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides on cell surfaces

Question 10

endosome TLRs recognize what?

Answer 10

nucleic acids

Question 11

TLR-2

Answer 11

binds parasitic glycolipids and peptidoglycans

Question 12

TLR3,7,8

Answer 12

bind viral ss and dsRNA

Question 13

TLR4

Answer 13

binds LPS or endotoxin on bacteria

Question 14

TLR 5

Answer 14

binds flagellin protein in bacterial flagella

Question 15

TLR-9

Answer 15

binds unmehtylated GC rich parts of microbial genomes

Question 16

Interferon System in innate immunity

Answer 16

mainly involved in innate immunity against viral pathogens

Question 17

Interferon system mechanism against viral

Answer 17

TLR 7 and 9 notice the viral DNA/RNA then interferon a and b are made and they warn cells, if they attach to an infected cell then it commits suicide

Question 18

cytokines of innate immunity

Answer 18

TNF, IL-1, IFN-gamma, IL-6

needed to induce large numbers of changes distant from sites of inflammation and infection…leads to acute phase response

Question 19

Acute phase response changes

Answer 19

increase in plasma proteins, change in some protein concentrations that contribute to host defense and adaptive immune

Question 20

IL-6

Answer 20

chief stimulator of production of acute phase proteins

Question 21

conditions leading to change in plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins

Answer 21

infection, trauma, burn, surgery, tissue infarction, immuno inflammatory conditions, advanced cancer

Question 22

acute phase protein definition

Answer 22

plasma concentration must increase 25% during inflammatory disorders

Question 23

examples of acute phase proteins or reactant

Answer 23

C reactive protein, Serum amyloid A, Fibrinogen. complement, mannose binding lectin/protein

Question 24

C reactive protein

Answer 24

acute phase protein

can promote recognition and clearance of pathogens and clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells

activates complement system and induces monocytes of inflammatory cytokines

Question 25

Serum amyloid A

Answer 25

acute phase protein

influence cholesterol metabolism during inflammatory response

Question 26

complement components of acute phase response

Answer 26

serve roles as chemotaxis, plasma protein exudation at sites of infection, and opsonization of infectious agents

Question 27

haptoglobin and hemopexin

Answer 27

acute phase proteins

antioxidants protecting against reactive oxygen species by removing iron containing heme and hemoglobin

Question 28

hepcidin

Answer 28

acute phase protein

decreases serum iron by preventing absorption in the intestines and impairing iron release from macrophages

Question 29

fibrinogen acute phase response

Answer 29

acute phase protein

helps with wound healing by causing endothelial cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation

Question 30

Clinical use of Serum Acute phase APR levels

Answer 30

useful because if elevated reflects presence and intensity of an inflammation process, but cannot use to differentiate infection versus other forms of acute and chronic inflammation