Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immuno Block Mid Term 1 > Intro to Immuno > Flashcards

Intro to Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

primary sites for immune system

A

these are regenerative or central and contain developing lymphocytes

Example of bone marrow and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

secondary sites for immune system

A

peripheral sites that contain more mature cells for fighting infection
Examples are spleen, lymph nodes and MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hematopoeisis

A

growth and maturation of blood cells in the bone marrow

is in all bones when developing but as adult it shifts to being in flat bones like ribs and sternum

some antibiotics decrease activity of the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

thymus

A

bi lobed organ in upper anterior thorax, involutes early in infancy

brings cells in through blood and out through lymphatic or blood vessels

site of maturation and selection of T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sail sign on chest Xray

A

sign of the thymus on the right hand portion of thorax in an infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

spleen

A

in upper left quadrant of abdomen under the diaphragm

divided into white pulp and red pulp sections

trauma, cancer, sickle cell all lead to risk of spleen loss and immuno compromised individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

has the lymphocytes, T cells near arterioles and B cells are more peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

red pulp of the spleen

A

involved in breakdown of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

odd numbered organ

A

The spleen is 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches in dimensions
The spleen is usually about 7 ounces in weight
The spleen is found under ribs 9 and 11 (i.e. its surface anatomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lymph nodes

A

tons of them in human body
have an outer capsule with many afferent (coming in) vessels and one efferent (going out) vessel
usually the first organ center to encounter a pathogen

grow in size due to pathogen stimulating large production/recruitment of immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

regions of lymph nodes

A

cortex- cell aggregates called follicals that are germinal centers

paracortex

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

palpable lymph nodes

A

cervical, axillary, occipital, epitrochlear, inguinal, femoral, popliteal

good to palpate because can direct you to site of infection…if popliteal swollen then prob somewhere in lower leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

located in head and neck

drain from scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

location is axilla

drain from arm, chest wall and breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mediastinal lymph nodes

A

in or near the mediastinum or central posterior thorax

drains mid chest, upper abdomen and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hilar lymph nodes

A

located near hilum of lungs, central near mediastinum

Drains the lungs

Look for TB malignancy or fungal infection if inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Celiac lymph nodes

A

located near celiac artery

drains liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mesenteric superior/inferior lymph nodes

A

located in lower abdomen near intestines

drains small and large intestine to splenic fixture (superior) and then splenic fixture to the rectum (inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

para-aortic lymph nodes

A

near aorta

drains testes ovaries kidneys and uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

iliac, external and internal lymph nodes

A

near illiac artery

drains cervix, upper bladder, body of uterus, lower rectum and vagina, cervix and prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

located in groin

drains genitalia, buttock/anus, abdominal wall, legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

popliteal lymph nodes

A

located in posterior leg near knee

drains lower leg and foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MALT

A

mucosal associated lymphatic tissue…can be GIm respiratory, and urogenital

make a ton of the antibody producing cell population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphatic tissue

includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyers patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
peyer patches
patches of mucosal lymphatic tissue in the GI tract where M cells help secrete into lumen
26
BALT
bronchial/tracheal associated lymphatic tissue
27
NALT
nose associated lymphoid tissue
28
VALT
vulvovaginal associated lymphoid tissue
29
lymphatic system
separate from circulatory system has white blood cells and plasma and lymph not a circular system...no pump
30
functions of lymphatic system
collect/drain excess fluid from surrounding tissues and return to vascular absorb fat from villi of small intestine conduit for immune cells
31
lymphatic drainage
initiated by uptake of interstitial fluid in lymphatic capillaries flow through nodes and finally into blood circulation
32
two quadrants of the lymphatic system
upper right quadrant that drains into the right subclavian vein upper left and lower body quadrant that drains into the thoracic duct and into left subclavian vein
33
virchow's node
the left supraclavular node, is often first palpable site from abdominal malignancies and infections
34
lymphedema
interstitial collection of lymph due to disruption of lymphatic flow, usually not symmetric usually progressive, can lead to hypertrophy or fibrosis swelling, skin changes, restricted range of motion
35
primary lymphadema
genetic/inheritance presents at any age
36
secondary lymphadema
due to underlying disease or prior treatment most often due to malignancy or cancer treatment in USA, like masectomy messing up the axillary region nodes Etiology is obstruction of lymphatic vessels or nodes, can be compression by a tumor
37
Filariasis
worldwide is most common secondary lymphadema cause... due to a helminth...nematode Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by mosquitoes, adult worms mainly reside in lymphatic vessels in legs or male scrotum
38
diagnosis of Filariasis
identify the microfilariae on thick smear of blood taken between 10PM and 2AM
39
treatment of filariasis
goal is to kill the adult nematode..done with diethylcarbamazine citrate
40
lymphangitis
inflammation or infection of the lymph vessels site of infection usually distal to affected vessel strep pyogenes is common...use antibiotics
41
chylothorax
accumulation of lymph in thorax...usually after cardiac surgery where surgeon clips the thoracic duct and it leaks lose a lot of immune cells, anitbody supplements sometimes needed
42
lymphadenopathy
enlargement of 1 or more lymph nodes...localized is one and generalized is 2 or more can be associated with malignancy, infection, inflammatory disorders (autoimmune)
43
lymphadenitis
lymphadenopathy with pain or signs of inflammation (red/tender) means active infection
44
lymphoma
type of cancer with immune cells
45
neutrophil
innate, live 2 days WBC granulocyte engulf bacteria and fungi with phagolysosome..oxidative burst
46
monocyte/macrophage
innate WBC mononuclear, live in blood for day or so as monocyte then grow to macrophage in connective tissue engulf bacteria, fungi and cellular debris, make cytokines, antigen processing/presenting
47
eosinophil
innate WBC granulocyte associated with allergic response and parasitic infection
48
basophil
innate WBC granulocyte associated with hypersensitivity and releases histamine
49
mast cell
innate bone marrow granules contain vasoactive amines like histamine, proteases can kill bacteria
50
natural killer cell
innate WBC lymphocyte recognize stressed or infected cells and kills them by secreting macrophage activating cytokine
51
B cells
adaptive WBC lymphocyte plasma and memory cells, specific recognition of antigens as mediator of humoral immunity
52
T cells
adaptive WBC lymphocyte helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory recognize antigens as medator of cell-mediated immunity
53
B lymphocytes
neutralize a microbe, phagocytosis, and complement activation
54
Helper T lymphocytes
activate macrophages, inflammation response, activate and differentiate B and T cells
55
cytotoxic T cells
kills infected cells
56
regulatory T cells
suppresses the immune response
57
natural killer cells
kills infected cells..innate
58
dendritic cells
are antigen presenting to initiate T cell response phagocytic derived from bone marrow
59
follicular dendritic cells
mesenchymal derived antigen presenting to B cells in humoral response
60
cytokines
proteins made and secreted by immune and non immune cells that act as intercellular mediators important for biological responses Bind to signal receptors on target cells that make cascade and have an effect on the cell can be autocrine, paracrine and endocrine
61
autocrine cytokine example
T cells make IL-2 which stimulates proliferation of same cells
62
paracrine cytokine example
t cell activates a macrophage by interferon gamma
63
endocrine cytokine example
GM-CSF made by T cells in enough amount and will go to granulocytes to increase production from bone marrow
64
JAK-STAT pathway
major signaling pathway in immune system stands for Janus Kinase Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription JAK activated at membrane then in turn activates other molecules including STAT STAT is then a TF that helps transcribe mRNA for proteins that make cell function in specific way
65
important pro inflammatory Cytokines!!!
TNF-alpha IL-1 IL-6 all innate
66
Important Innate cytokines
TNF-alphs, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-alpha and beta, IFN-gamma
67
important adaptive cytokines
Th-1 cells: IL-2, IL-3, IFN-gamma | Th-2 cells: IL-4, IL-5, IL06, IL-10, TGF-beta
68
hematopoesis cytokines
IL-3, IL-7, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF
69
chemokines
small chemo attractant molecules that cause cells to migrate towards a concentration gradient of the chemokine notably have cysteine AA residues groups are CC, CXC, C, and CXXXC where X is any other amino acid
70
CXCL8 recruitment
chemokine that recruits neutrophils
71
CXCL2 recruitment
chemokine that recruits naive T cells
72
CCL2
chemokine that recruits and activates macrophages

Immuno Block Mid Term 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions