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Immuno Block Mid Term 1 > Intro to Immuno > Flashcards

Intro to Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

primary sites for immune system

A

these are regenerative or central and contain developing lymphocytes

Example of bone marrow and thymus

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2
Q

secondary sites for immune system

A

peripheral sites that contain more mature cells for fighting infection
Examples are spleen, lymph nodes and MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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3
Q

hematopoeisis

A

growth and maturation of blood cells in the bone marrow

is in all bones when developing but as adult it shifts to being in flat bones like ribs and sternum

some antibiotics decrease activity of the bone marrow

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4
Q

thymus

A

bi lobed organ in upper anterior thorax, involutes early in infancy

brings cells in through blood and out through lymphatic or blood vessels

site of maturation and selection of T cells

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5
Q

sail sign on chest Xray

A

sign of the thymus on the right hand portion of thorax in an infant

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6
Q

spleen

A

in upper left quadrant of abdomen under the diaphragm

divided into white pulp and red pulp sections

trauma, cancer, sickle cell all lead to risk of spleen loss and immuno compromised individual

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7
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

has the lymphocytes, T cells near arterioles and B cells are more peripheral

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8
Q

red pulp of the spleen

A

involved in breakdown of RBCs

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9
Q

odd numbered organ

A

The spleen is 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches in dimensions
The spleen is usually about 7 ounces in weight
The spleen is found under ribs 9 and 11 (i.e. its surface anatomy)

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10
Q

lymph nodes

A

tons of them in human body
have an outer capsule with many afferent (coming in) vessels and one efferent (going out) vessel
usually the first organ center to encounter a pathogen

grow in size due to pathogen stimulating large production/recruitment of immune cells

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11
Q

regions of lymph nodes

A

cortex- cell aggregates called follicals that are germinal centers

paracortex

medulla

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12
Q

palpable lymph nodes

A

cervical, axillary, occipital, epitrochlear, inguinal, femoral, popliteal

good to palpate because can direct you to site of infection…if popliteal swollen then prob somewhere in lower leg

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13
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

located in head and neck

drain from scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx

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14
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

location is axilla

drain from arm, chest wall and breast

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15
Q

Mediastinal lymph nodes

A

in or near the mediastinum or central posterior thorax

drains mid chest, upper abdomen and lungs

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16
Q

Hilar lymph nodes

A

located near hilum of lungs, central near mediastinum

Drains the lungs

Look for TB malignancy or fungal infection if inflamed

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17
Q

Celiac lymph nodes

A

located near celiac artery

drains liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum

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18
Q

mesenteric superior/inferior lymph nodes

A

located in lower abdomen near intestines

drains small and large intestine to splenic fixture (superior) and then splenic fixture to the rectum (inferior)

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19
Q

para-aortic lymph nodes

A

near aorta

drains testes ovaries kidneys and uterus

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20
Q

iliac, external and internal lymph nodes

A

near illiac artery

drains cervix, upper bladder, body of uterus, lower rectum and vagina, cervix and prostate

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21
Q

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

located in groin

drains genitalia, buttock/anus, abdominal wall, legs

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22
Q

popliteal lymph nodes

A

located in posterior leg near knee

drains lower leg and foot

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23
Q

MALT

A

mucosal associated lymphatic tissue…can be GIm respiratory, and urogenital

make a ton of the antibody producing cell population

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24
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphatic tissue

includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyers patches

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25
Q

peyer patches

A

patches of mucosal lymphatic tissue in the GI tract where M cells help secrete into lumen

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26
Q

BALT

A

bronchial/tracheal associated lymphatic tissue

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27
Q

NALT

A

nose associated lymphoid tissue

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28
Q

VALT

A

vulvovaginal associated lymphoid tissue

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29
Q

lymphatic system

A

separate from circulatory system

has white blood cells and plasma and lymph

not a circular system…no pump

30
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

collect/drain excess fluid from surrounding tissues and return to vascular

absorb fat from villi of small intestine

conduit for immune cells

31
Q

lymphatic drainage

A

initiated by uptake of interstitial fluid in lymphatic capillaries

flow through nodes and finally into blood circulation

32
Q

two quadrants of the lymphatic system

A

upper right quadrant that drains into the right subclavian vein

upper left and lower body quadrant that drains into the thoracic duct and into left subclavian vein

33
Q

virchow’s node

A

the left supraclavular node, is often first palpable site from abdominal malignancies and infections

34
Q

lymphedema

A

interstitial collection of lymph due to disruption of lymphatic flow, usually not symmetric

usually progressive, can lead to hypertrophy or fibrosis
swelling, skin changes, restricted range of motion

35
Q

primary lymphadema

A

genetic/inheritance

presents at any age

36
Q

secondary lymphadema

A

due to underlying disease or prior treatment

most often due to malignancy or cancer treatment in USA, like masectomy messing up the axillary region nodes

Etiology is obstruction of lymphatic vessels or nodes, can be compression by a tumor

37
Q

Filariasis

A

worldwide is most common secondary lymphadema cause…

due to a helminth…nematode Wuchereria bancrofti

transmitted by mosquitoes, adult worms mainly reside in lymphatic vessels in legs or male scrotum

38
Q

diagnosis of Filariasis

A

identify the microfilariae on thick smear of blood taken between 10PM and 2AM

39
Q

treatment of filariasis

A

goal is to kill the adult nematode..done with diethylcarbamazine citrate

40
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation or infection of the lymph vessels

site of infection usually distal to affected vessel

strep pyogenes is common…use antibiotics

41
Q

chylothorax

A

accumulation of lymph in thorax…usually after cardiac surgery where surgeon clips the thoracic duct and it leaks

lose a lot of immune cells, anitbody supplements sometimes needed

42
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of 1 or more lymph nodes…localized is one and generalized is 2 or more

can be associated with malignancy, infection, inflammatory disorders (autoimmune)

43
Q

lymphadenitis

A

lymphadenopathy with pain or signs of inflammation (red/tender)

means active infection

44
Q

lymphoma

A

type of cancer with immune cells

45
Q

neutrophil

A

innate, live 2 days

WBC granulocyte

engulf bacteria and fungi with phagolysosome..oxidative burst

46
Q

monocyte/macrophage

A

innate

WBC mononuclear, live in blood for day or so as monocyte then grow to macrophage in connective tissue

engulf bacteria, fungi and cellular debris, make cytokines, antigen processing/presenting

47
Q

eosinophil

A

innate

WBC granulocyte

associated with allergic response and parasitic infection

48
Q

basophil

A

innate

WBC granulocyte

associated with hypersensitivity and releases histamine

49
Q

mast cell

A

innate

bone marrow

granules contain vasoactive amines like histamine, proteases can kill bacteria

50
Q

natural killer cell

A

innate

WBC lymphocyte

recognize stressed or infected cells and kills them by secreting macrophage activating cytokine

51
Q

B cells

A

adaptive

WBC lymphocyte

plasma and memory cells, specific recognition of antigens as mediator of humoral immunity

52
Q

T cells

A

adaptive

WBC lymphocyte

helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory

recognize antigens as medator of cell-mediated immunity

53
Q

B lymphocytes

A

neutralize a microbe, phagocytosis, and complement activation

54
Q

Helper T lymphocytes

A

activate macrophages, inflammation response, activate and differentiate B and T cells

55
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

kills infected cells

56
Q

regulatory T cells

A

suppresses the immune response

57
Q

natural killer cells

A

kills infected cells..innate

58
Q

dendritic cells

A

are antigen presenting to initiate T cell response

phagocytic

derived from bone marrow

59
Q

follicular dendritic cells

A

mesenchymal derived

antigen presenting to B cells in humoral response

60
Q

cytokines

A

proteins made and secreted by immune and non immune cells that act as intercellular mediators important for biological responses

Bind to signal receptors on target cells that make cascade and have an effect on the cell

can be autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

61
Q

autocrine cytokine example

A

T cells make IL-2 which stimulates proliferation of same cells

62
Q

paracrine cytokine example

A

t cell activates a macrophage by interferon gamma

63
Q

endocrine cytokine example

A

GM-CSF made by T cells in enough amount and will go to granulocytes to increase production from bone marrow

64
Q

JAK-STAT pathway

A

major signaling pathway in immune system

stands for Janus Kinase Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription

JAK activated at membrane then in turn activates other molecules including STAT

STAT is then a TF that helps transcribe mRNA for proteins that make cell function in specific way

65
Q

important pro inflammatory Cytokines!!!

A

TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-6

all innate

66
Q

Important Innate cytokines

A

TNF-alphs, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-alpha and beta, IFN-gamma

67
Q

important adaptive cytokines

A

Th-1 cells: IL-2, IL-3, IFN-gamma

Th-2 cells: IL-4, IL-5, IL06, IL-10, TGF-beta

68
Q

hematopoesis cytokines

A

IL-3, IL-7, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF

69
Q

chemokines

A

small chemo attractant molecules that cause cells to migrate towards a concentration gradient of the chemokine

notably have cysteine AA residues

groups are CC, CXC, C, and CXXXC where X is any other amino acid

70
Q

CXCL8 recruitment

A

chemokine that recruits neutrophils

71
Q

CXCL2 recruitment

A

chemokine that recruits naive T cells

72
Q

CCL2

A

chemokine that recruits and activates macrophages

Immuno Block Mid Term 1 (16 decks)

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