Flashcards in Intro to Renal Disease Deck (42)
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1
Name 3 hormones secreted by the kidney?
erythropoietin
vitamin D
renin
2
Name 3 hormones secreted by the kidney?
erythropoietin
vitamin D
renin
3
What is the cut off for acidosis?
4
What is the cut off for alkalosis?
>7.45
5
What is creatinine clearance an estimate of?
GFR
6
What does the Cockcroft Gault formula calculate?
GFR
7
What is normal urine output?
1500mL/day
8
What is the cut off for oliguria?
9
What is polyuria?
>3000mL/day
(2x as much urine)
10
What does BUN measure?
blood urea nitrogen (increases when GFR is low)
11
What does BUN measure?
blood urea nitrogen (increases when GFR is low)
12
What is the cut off for acidosis?
13
Define AKI in terms of lab metrics
>0.3mg/dL in serum creatinine (increase)
or
increase in serum creatinine of 50%
or
oliguria of 6 hours
14
What is creatinine clearance an estimate of?
GFR
15
What does the Cockcroft Gault formula calculate?
GFR
16
What is normal urine output?
1500mL/day
17
What is the cut off for oliguria?
18
What is polyuria?
>3000mL/day
(2x as much urine)
19
Define azotemia
elevation in renal indices (specifically BUN)
20
What does BUN measure?
blood urea nitrogen (increases when GFR is low)
21
What is uremia?
when BUN is elevated (should normally be eliminated by kidneys)
leads to pericarditis, pleural effusions, fatigue, anorexia, etc
22
What is the clinical term for acute renal failure?
acute kidney injury (AKI - no longer ARF)
23
Define AKI in terms of lab metrics
>0.3mg/dL in serum creatinine (increase)
24
What are the 3 staging criteria for AKI?
I: serum creatinine 150-200% from baseline
II: serum creatinine 200-300% from baseline
III: serum creatinine over 300% (and very little urine output)
25
How long do kidney problems need to persist for it to be classified as chronic kidney disease?
at least 3 months
26
Does CKD require albuminuria?
no - can be present with or without albuminuria
27
What is the cut off for kidney failure in terms of GFR?
less than 15mL/min
28
Define the lab values for nephrotic proteinuria
> 3-3.5mg/day
called nephrosis
29
What is the clinical term for blood in the urine?
hematuria
30
What are 3 common imposters instead of RBCs in hematuria?
free hemoglobin
myoglobin
menstrual contamination
31
What are the 2 most common kidney stones in the US?
calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
32
Name 4 causes of abnormal urinary sediment?
hematuria
dysmorphic RBCs
pyuria
casts (RBCs, WBCs, tubular casts)
33
What are the 5 types of renal tubular casts?
1) epithelial
2) fatty
3) granular
4) hyaline
5) waxy
34
What casts are associated with dehydration, exercise, and diuretic therapy?
hyaline
35
What casts are associated with advanced kidney disease?
waxy
36
What are the differences between nephrosis and nephritis?
NEPHROSIS: proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, peripheral edema, hyperlipidemia, thrombophilia, urinary sediment, NONinflammatory renal biopsy
NEPHRITIS: inflammatory renal biopsy, active urinary sediment, variable proteinuria, azotemia, HTN
37
What is the main distinguising factor between nephrosis and nephritis?
INFLAMMATORY CELLS (there in nephritis, not in nephrosis)
38
How is total body weight divided by water content?
2/3 intracellular water
1/3 extracellular water
39
What is normal saline solution?
0.9% (9gm salt/L)
40
What is the function of vitamin D?
regulates calcium absorption
maintains normal levels of calcium and phosphorus
41
What can be a sneaky presenting feature of AKI/CKD?
drug toxicity (from renal dysfunction)
can also happen with endogenous substances like insulin
42
