Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Hematopathology 1 > Flashcards

Hematopathology 1 Flashcards

(44 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How are hematopoietic malignancies classified?

A

acute (presence of blasts - very immature cells)

chronic (presence of differentiated, mature cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 cell types are involved in hematopoietic malignancies?

A

lymphoid

myeloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What characterizes leukemias?

A

malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic cells that replace bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false: leukemic cells usually spill over into peripheral blood

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What differentiates a leukemia from lymphoma?

A

leukemia = present with widespread involvement of bone marrow and blood

lymphoma = describes proliferation arising as discrete tissue masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 3 blood metrics are common in ALL and AML?

A

anemia
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some clinical features of acute leukemias?

A
  • abrupt stormy onset

- depression of normal marrow function (fatigue (anemia) fever (neutropenia) bleeding (thrombocytopenia))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

80% of acute leukemias of in children are _____

A

ALLs

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is the peak incidence for ALL in kids?

A

4 years (but most under 15 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of cells are neoplastic in ALL?

A

lymphoblasts (precursor B or T lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the majority of ALL neoplastic cells?

A

pre-B cell neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main population at risk for T-ALL?

A

adolescent males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are microscopic tools to diagnose ALL?

A

lymphoblasts show scant basophilic cytoplasm and fine nuclear chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the markers used to diagnose ALL?

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

CD19, 20, 21 (B cells)
CD1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 (T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TdT is diagnostic for which blood cancer?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false: 90% of ALL patients have numerical or structural changes in chromosome of leukemic cells correlating with immunophenotype and prognosis

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 chromosomal changes found in ALL?

A

1) hyperdiploidy (>50 chromosomes)
2) TEL1-AML1 (t(12;21))
3) BCR-ABL (t(9;22))
4) AF4-MLL (t(4;11))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 3 favorable prognostic indicators in ALL?

Study These Flashcards
A

1) age 2-10
2) hyperdiploidy
3) t(12;21) TEL1-AML1

19
Q

What are 3 UNfavorable prognostic indicators of ALL?

Study These Flashcards
A

1) age under 2
2) adolescent or adult
3) presence of t(9,22) PHILADELPHIA chromosome

20
Q

What is the philadelphia chromosome?

Study These Flashcards
A

BCR-ABL t(9;22)

first genetic link to cancer

21
Q

What is acute myeloid leukemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

a disease of adults peaking after 60 years (only 20% of childhood leukemias)

22
Q

What are the neoplastic cells in AML?

Study These Flashcards
A

heterogenous disease (reflects the complexities of myeloid cell differentiation)

23
Q

What AML associated genetic abnormality has the worst prognosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

MLL t(11q23;v)

24
Q

What are 4 WHO classifications of AML?

Study These Flashcards
A

1) AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities
2) AML arising from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
3) therapy related
4) not otherwise specified)

GENERALLY ARISE FROM MDS

25
Define myelodysplastic syndromes (preleukemia)
clonal stem cell disorders showing defective and ineffective hematopoiesis with increased risk for transformation to AML
26
What are the two types of MDS?
1) primary/idiopathic | 2) therapy related (following chemo)
27
What are signs of myelodysplastic syndrome?
1) hypercellular marrow with peripheral cytopenia (poor hematopoiesis) 2) clonal cytogenetic abnormalities 3) MDS arise on a background of stem cell damage 4) morphologic abnormalities seen in all lineages (mostly nuclear)
28
How can the bone marrow be hypercellular but still have peripheral cytopenia in AML?
bone marrow cells apoptose
29
What are some of the morphologic findings in myelodysplastic syndrome?
1) highly abnormal RBCs | 2) megakaryocytes with multiple, separated nuclei
30
What kinds of MDS subtypes are associated with a poorer prognosis?
those with higher blasts in blood or marrow | leads to worse cytopenia
31
Which disease, ALL or AML, has more severe signs/symptoms related to infiltration of tissues?
ALL (although AML does have some mild lymphadenopathy and organomegaly)
32
Which disease, ALL or AML leads to CNS problems?
ALL
33
In which type of acute leukemia is DIC found?
acute promyelocytic leukemia 1(15;17) releases procoagulants
34
What is the most severe acute leukemia that if you suspect it even a little bit you should begin treatment?
APL (need to initiate therapy in order to avoid bleeding in the brain)
35
What is the main morphological hallmark of APL?
auer rods (HUGEly diagnostic) little rods in the cytoplasm
36
What is the fusion gene for APL?
abnormal retinoic acid receptor that blocks myeloid cell differentiation
37
How can you treat the differentiation block in APL?
trrans-retinoic acid
38
What cancer can you treat by giving trans retinoic acid?
APL
39
What are 4 diagnostic signs of AML?
- myeloblasts >20% - myeloperoxidase or alpha napthyl butyrate esterase stains - CD13, 33, 34, 117 - AUER RODS
40
What is the strongest support of an AML diagnosis?
auer rods
41
What type of cancer has multiple auer rods?
APL
42
What is the prognosis for AML
GOOD for t(15;17) t(8;21) of inversions of chromosome 16 POOR for chromosome 11q23 (MLL)
43
What two genetic mutations are implicated in AML and what are the prognoses for them?
FLT3 (BAD) | NPM (good)
44
What is the treatment for AML?
chemo (60% achieve remission) | bone marrow transplant

Pathophysiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions