Introduction to Cardiac and Nervous System

Question 1

Heart

Answer 1

• 4 chambers
• Rhythmically contracting
• Unidirectional muscular pump

Question 2

Arteries

Answer 2

Convey blood away from heart

Question 3

Veins

Answer 3

Return blood to the heart

Question 4

Capillaries

Answer 4

Site of nutrient/waste exchange

Question 5

What branches is the arterial supply to the head and neck derived from?

Answer 5

• Common carotid aa.
• Subclavian aa.

Question 6

Venous drainage from the head and neck is derived from the tributaries of the…

Answer 6

• Internal jugular v.
• Subclavian vv.

Question 7

Anastomosis

Answer 7

Site where two or more arteries (or veins) merge/connect to supply the same region

Question 8

Anastomotic networks

Answer 8

Provide a collateral/alternative) source of blood supply if one of the vessels in the network becomes damaged

Question 9

General functions of the nervous system

Answer 9

• Integrating/coordinating incoming and outgoing signals
• Mediating higher cognitive function

Question 10

CNS

Answer 10

Brain and spinal cord

Question 11

PNS

Answer 11

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

Question 12

Somatic nervous system

Answer 12

Supplies the body wall voluntary

Question 13

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 13

Supplies the viscera involuntary

Question 14

Somatic motor component

Answer 14

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 15

Somatic sensory component

Answer 15

Touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, etc.

Question 16

Autonomic motor component

Answer 16

Cardiac and smooth muscle, glands

Question 17

Autonomic sensory component

Answer 17

Sensation from visceral organs

Question 18

Axon

Answer 18

Transmits neural signals/ impulses away from the cell body

Question 19

Dendrite

Answer 19

Carries neural signals/ impulses towards the cell body

Question 20

Synapse

Answer 20

Region where neurons communicate with each other or effector organs

Question 21

Neurotransmission

Answer 21

• At synapse
• Communcation between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ

Question 22

What is a nerve

Answer 22

A bundle of axons coursing in the PNS

Question 23

Neuronal cell bodies in CNS

Answer 23

• Grey matter
• Nucleus

Question 24

Neuronal cell bodies in PNS

Answer 24

Ganglions

Question 25

Bundle of axons in CNS

Answer 25

- White matter - Fiber tract

Question 26

Bundle of axons in PNS

Answer 26

Nerve

Question 28

A nerve can...

Answer 28

Convey multiple fiber types with differing functions/targets

Question 29

Spinal nerves

Answer 29

Mixed nerves that transmit both motor and sensory fibers

Question 30

Spinal cord

Answer 30

Caudal portion of the CNS, extends inferiorly from brainstem

Question 31

How many segments is the spinal cord made of?

Answer 31

31

Question 32

Spinal cord segments are defined by its associated....

Answer 32

- Spinal nerve - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Question 33

Vertebral column

Answer 33

- Extends from the skull to the tip of the coccyx

Question 34

How many vertebrae is the vertebral column made of?

Answer 34

33

Question 35

Where does the spinal cord sit in respect to a single vertebrae?

Answer 35

Vertebral canal

Question 36

Where does the spinal nerve exit the vertebral column?

Answer 36

Intervertebral foramen

Question 37

Dorsal root

Answer 37

Sensory fibers are conveyed to the spinal cord through here

Question 38

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 38

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 39

Dorsal and ventral primary rami

Answer 39

- Mixed nerves - Convey both motor and sensory fibers

Question 40

Cervical plexus

Answer 40

Supplies neck and head

Question 41

Brachial plexus

Answer 41

Supplies upper extremities

Question 42

Sympathetic innervation

Answer 42

Mediates fight or flight

Question 43

Where does sympathetic innervation arise from?

Answer 43

Neurons in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Question 44

Functions of sympathetic innervation?

Answer 44

Mobilize resources of the body when demands are increased

Question 45

Enteric division

Answer 45

Intrinsic nervous system of the gut

Question 46

The enteric division is derived from...

Answer 46

The motor component of the autonomic nervous system

Question 47

Parasympathetic division

Answer 47

Functions in the restoration or conservation of energy and resources

Question 48

Where does parasympathetic innervation arise from?

Answer 48

Neurons of the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord

Question 49

What innervation is a 2 neuron pathway?

Answer 49

Visceral motor innervation

Question 50

What is in the middle of a 2 neuron pathway?

Answer 50

Intervening autonomic ganglion

Question 51

Differences of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous division?

Answer 51

- Distinct CNS organs - Distinct ganglia

Question 52

Similarity of the parasympathetic nervous division?

Answer 52

Same target, just opposite actions

Question 53

How does the sympathetic innervation assess structures in the head?

Answer 53

Through the sympathetic chain/trunk

Question 54

Pre-ganglion neuron

Answer 54

- Located in CNS - Project their axons to autonomic ganglia in PNS to synapse

Question 55

Post-ganglionic neurons

Answer 55

- Project their axons to the target structure - Examples are glands, smooth muscle, etc.

Question 56

Steps in sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Answer 56

- Pre-ganglion sympathetic neurons in spinal cord (T1-L2) - Sympathetic chain - Post-ganglion sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion - Periarterial plexuses - Target structure in head