Pre-Class Reading Assignment for TBL 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What structure is in the anterior cranial fossa?
A
Frontal pole of the brain
2
Q
What bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?
A
- Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
- Ethmoid
- Frontal
3
Q
What nerve goes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid?
A
CN I, olfactory nerve
4
Q
Role of the orbit plates in the skull?
A
- Forms floor of the anterior cranial fossa
- Forms roof of the orbit
5
Q
What structure is in the middle cranial fossa?
A
- Temporal lobe
- Pituitary gland
6
Q
What makes up the middle cranial fossa?
A
- Body and greater wing of the sphenoid
- Temporal bone, petrous portion
7
Q
Chiasmatic groove
A
- Leads to the optic foramen
8
Q
Optic foramen
A
- CN II, optic nerve
- Ophthalmic artery
9
Q
What houses the pituitary gland?
A
Sella turcica
10
Q
What forms the ssuperior orbital fissure?
A
Gap between lesser and greater wing of the sphenoid
11
Q
Superior orbital fissure?
A
- CN III, oculomotor nerve
- CN IV, trochlear nerve
- CN V1, ophthalmic division of trigeminal
- CN VI, abducens nerve
- Ophthalmic veins
12
Q
Where do the branches of the trigeminal branch come from?
A
Trigeminal ganglion
13
Q
CN V1 foramen
A
Superior orbital fissure
14
Q
CN V2 foramen
A
Foramen rotundum
15
Q
CN V3 foramen
A
Foramen ovale
16
Q
Accessory meningeal artery foramen
A
Foramen ovale
17
Q
Deep petrosal nerve foramen
A
Foramen ovale
18
Q
What goes through the foramen spinosum?
A
Middle meningeal artery
19
Q
What does the middle meningeal artery supply?
A
Dural coverings of the brain
20
Q
Where does the middle meningeal artery go?
A
Lateral aspect of the cranial vault, along the tin squamous portion of the temporal bone
21
Q
Where does the internal carotid artery pass through?
A
Carotid canal, turns anteriorly, then goes through the carotid groove
22
Q
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
A
- Anterior and middle regions of the brain
- Orbit
23
Q
What passes through the cavernous venous sinus?
A
- Internal carotid artery
- Trigeminal ganglion
- Ophthalmic divison, CN V1
- Maxillary division, CN V3
- Trochlear nerve
- Oculomotor nerve
_ Abducens nerve
24
Q
Clinical considerations for the dural venous sinuses
A
- Maxillary regions of the face and oral cavity and spread to the brain through here
25
What divides the middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa?
Superior petrosal ridge
26
What is housed in the posterior cranial fossa?
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
27
What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?
- Temporal bone
- Occipital bones
28
Where is the foramen magnum located?
Posterior cranial fossa
29
Where is the internal acoustic meatus located?
Petrous temporal bone
30
What goes through the internal acoustic meatus?
- CN VII
- CN VIII
31
Where does the internal jugular vein exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
32
What nerves exit through the jugular foramen?
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XI
33
Where does CN XII exit the skull?
Hypoglossal foramen
34
What goes through the foramen magnum?
- Spinal cord
- Vertebral arteries
- Spinal contribution of the accessory nerve CN XI
35
Confluens of sinuses
Blood from the meninges drain here on the occiput
36
What does the confluens of sinuses flow into?
Left or right transverse venous sinuses
37
Where does the sigmoid sinus drain into?
Internal jugular vein
38
Periosteum
Outer layer of the dura matter that is continuous with the periosteum
39
Dural reflections
- Invagination of the inner layer of dura mater
- Compartmentalize the cranial cavity
40
Falx cerebri location
- Midsagittal
- In between left and right cerebral hemispheres
41
Tentorium cerebelli location
- Horizontal
- On top of cerebellum
42
Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF
43
What produces CSF?
Choroid plexus
44
CSF flow
- Choroid plexus
- Subarachnoid space
- Arachnoid granulations
- Dural venous sinuses
45
What reabsorbs CSF into venous circulation
Arachnoid granulations
46
Superior sagittal sinus location
- Midline
- Just under the sagittal suture
47
What does the superior sagittal sinus drain into
Confluens of sinuses
48
Inferior sagittal sinus location
Below falx cerebri
49
Where does the inferior sagittal sinus indirectly drain into? How
- Confluens of sinuses
- Goes through the straight sinus first
50
Occipital sinus location
Midline of occipital bone
51
What does the occipital sinus drain into?
Confluens of sinuses
52
Where does blood go after the confluens of sinuses?
- Left or right transverse venous sinuses
- Sigmoid sinus
- Internal jugular vein
53
What artery does the internal carotid artery come from?
Common carotid artery
54
What does the internal carotid supply?
- Anterior and middle parts of the cerebrum
- Orbit
55
Where does the vertebral arteries come from?
Subclavian artery
56
How do vertebral arteries reach the brain?
- Go through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
- Foramen magnum
57
What do two vertebral arteries branch into in the brain?
Basilar arteries
58
What do basilar arteries supply?
- Posterior cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
59
The circle of Willis provides...
Collateral circulation
60
External ear function
Collection and conduction of sound waves
61
Middle ear functions
- Translation and conversion of sound waves into mechanical energy
- Vibrations of membranes and bones
62
Inner ear functions
Transduction of mechanical energy to nervous impulse n the cochlea for auditory processing
63
Vestibular apparatus/semicircular canal function
Sense of balance
64
External opening of the ear
External auditory meatus
65
Tympanic membrane separates which structures?
External ear and middle ear
66
Helix
Bigger and more superior fold in ear/auricle
67
Antihelix
Shorter and inner fold
68
Tragus
Round bump in front of the external acoustic meatus
69
Antitragus
Smaller pump and across from tragus
70
Intertragic notch
Groove between tragus and antitragus
71
How are sound waves transmitted through the ossicles?
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
72
What ossicle directly touches the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
73
How are vibrations conducted from the middle to inner ear?
Oval window
74
What ossicle touches the oval window?
Stapes
75
What separates the middle and inner ear
Oval window
76
What muscles are located in the inner ear? Function?
- Stapedius muscle
- Tensor tympani muscle
- Dampen vibrations
77
Auditory tube/Eustachian location
Nasopharynx to middle ear
78
Auditory tube/Eustachian function
- Equalize the pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane
- Drain mucus from the middle ear
79
What are the main structures in the inner ear?
Cochlea and semicircular canals
80
Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve come from? What foramen does it go through?
- Pons
- Internal acoustic meatus
81
What structures do the vestibulocochlear nerve mediates?
Cochlea and semicircular canals
82
Sclera
White of the eye
83
Cornea
Transparent, on top of sclera
84
What is the colored muscle of the eye?
Iris
85
What is the central circular space of the eye called?
Pupil
86
Where do incoming light rays enter the eye? What transduces them into nervous impulses?
- Pupil
- Photoreceptor cells, including rods and cones
87
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane
88
Lacrimal caruncle
Tear accumulation occurs here
89
Canthi/palpebrae
Eyelids
90
What goes through the supraorbital foramen?
Supraorbital neurovascular bundle, V1
91
Where does V1 go to?
Forehead and scalp
92
Where are tears generated?
Lacrimal gland
93
Tear fluid flow
- Lacrimal gland
- Spead over conjunctiva and cornea
- Lacrimal caruncle
- Lacrimal puncta
- Lacrimal canaliculi
- Lacrimal sac
- Nasolacrimal duct
94
Parasympathetic regulation of the lacrimal gland secretions is mediated by the...
Facial nerve
95
Superior oblique muscle innervation
Trochlear nerve, CN IV
96
Superior rectus muscle innervation
Oculomotor nerve, CN III
97
Lateral rectus muscle innervation
Abducens nerve, CN VI
98
Medial rectus innervation
Oculomotor nerve, CN III
99
Inferior rectus muscle innervation
Oculomotor nerve, CN III
100
Inferior oblique muscle innervation
Oculomotor nerve, CN III
101
Special sensory nerves
- CN I
- CN II
- CN VIII
102
Motor only nerves
- CN III
- CN IV
- CN VI
- CN XI
- CN XII
103
Mixed nerves
- CN V
- CN VII
- CN IX
- CN X
104
Does the oculomotor provide parasympathetic or sympathetic motor input? Why?
Parasympathetic to mediate pupil constriction and lens accommodation
105
What nerve provides motor innervation of muscles of mastication?
CN V3
106
What nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression
?
Facial nerve
107
What three nerves mediate taste and provide parasympathetic input to visceral structures?
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
108
What provides parasympathetic input to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?
Facial nerve
109
What nerve is enclosed in the carotid sheath?
Vagus nerve
110
Where does the spinal accessory nerve go through?
Posterior cervical triangle
111
What does the accessory nerve innervate?
- Trapezius
- SCM
112
Where does the hypoglossal nerve go through?
Anterior cervical triangle
113
What innervation does the hypoglossal nerve do?
Motor innervation of the muscles of the tongue
