Introduction to Pathology, Cellular adaptation, Inflammation Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
“Pathos” means
A
suffering
2
Q
“logos” means
A
study of
3
Q
The study of disease, the origin of disease, and its development.
A
Pathology
4
Q
Investigates the cause of disease by studying the associated changes in the cells, tissues, and organs (gives rise to the signs and symptoms of the disease).
A
Pathology
5
Q
The origin of the disease e (underlying causes and modifying factors).
A
Etiology
6
Q
Steps in the development of the disease.
A
Pathogenesis
7
Q
Refers to why a disease arises.
A
Etiology
8
Q
Describes how a disease develops.
A
Pathogenesis
9
Q
[2] Primary Divisions of Pathology (traditional)
A
- General pathology
- Systemic pathology
10
Q
Focuses on the cellular and tissue alterations caused by pathologic stimuli in most tissues.
[traditional]
A
General pathology
11
Q
broad
[traditional]
A
General pathology
12
Q
Examines the reactions and abnormalities of different specialized organs.
[traditional]
A
Systemic pathology
13
Q
per organ system
[traditional]
A
Systemic pathology
14
Q
[2] Primary Divisions of Pathology (modern)
A
- Anatomic pathology
- Clinical pathology
15
Q
aka “surgical pathology”
[modern]
A
Anatomy pathology
16
Q
Focuses of the examination of organs, tissues, and body fluids for structural abnormalities including autopsy examination of cadavers.
[modern]
A
Anatomy pathology
17
Q
aka “laboratory medicine”
[modern]
A
Clinical pathology
18
Q
Focuses on the examination of blood and other body samples for functional abnormalities.
[modern]
A
Clinical pathology
19
Q
A medical doctor who examines bodies and body tissues. He or she is also responsible for performing lab tests.
A
Pathologist
20
Q
Involved in establishing the diagnosis of the disease.
A
Pathologist
21
Q
[4] Principal adaptive responses.
A
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
22
Q
Adaptive capability is exceeded or if the external stress is inherently harmful.
A
Cell injury
23
Q
One of the most crucial events in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ.
A
Cell death
24
Q
lack of blood flow.
A
ischemia
25
[3] Cellular adaptations to stress.
1. Retrogressive changes
2. Progressive changes
3. Degenerative changes
26
organ/tissues smaller than normal.
[cellular adaptations to stress]
Retrogressive changes
27
organ/tissues larger than normal.
[cellular adaptations to stress]
Progressive changes
28
Tissue have abnormalities.
[cellular adaptations to stress]
Degenerative changes
29
[3] Hypertrophy in Progressive changes.
(TFC)
1. True hypertrophy
2. False hypertrophy
3. Compensatory hypertrophy
30
Usually seen in skeletal muscle, heart, kidneys, endocrine glands due to increased work load.
[hypertrophy in progressive changes]
True hypertrophy
31
Due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation.
[hypertrophy in progressive changes]
False hypertrophy
32
Involves one of paired organs when the opposite organ has been removed.
[hypertrophy in progressive changes]
Compensatory hypertrophy
33
[2] Hyperplasia in Progressive Changes
(PP)
1. Physiological hyperplasia
2. Pathologic hyperplasia
34
Resulting from normal stimuli, hormonal such as hyperplasia of breast and uterus during pregnancy.
[hyperplasia in progressive changes]
Physiological hyperplasia
35
Stimulation of growth factors, excess hormonal stimulation, viral infection, nodular.
[hyperplasia in progressive changes]
Pathologic hyperplasia
36
Refers to an increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in size. NO NEW CELLS
Hypertrophy
37
Refers to an increase in size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the number of cells. CELL DIVISION
Hyperplasia
38
Reversible change involving transformation in one type of adult cell to another.
Metaplasia
39
[4] Degenerative changes - due to aberrations of cellular growth patterns.
(MDAN)
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
Neoplasia
40
Regressive alteration in adult cells manifested by variation in size, shape, and orientation. Usually reversible and do not lead to tumor formation - CHANGES IN STRUCTURE
(atypical hyperplasia)
Dysplasia
41
Usually used as criterion toward malignancy - irreversible, more primitive cells.
(undifferentiated cell)
Anaplasia
42
Continuous abnormal proliferation of the cells without control (no purpose or function).
(tumor)
Neoplasia
43
"NEO" in neoplasia means?
new
44
Pathologic over growth of the tissue.
Neoplasia
45
The study of cancer.
Oncology
46
[2] Characteristics of tumor:
(PS)
1. Parenchyma
2. Stroma
47
active elements, tumor cells, tumor itself.
[characteristics of tumor]
Parenchyma
48
connective tissue, framework.
[characteristics of tumor]
Stroma
49
[2] Nomenclature of neoplastic cells.
(BM) (tumors)
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
50
Are those that do not produce death. Tumor is localized and doesn’t metastasize.
[tumors]
Benign tumors
51
Will produce death eventually, however small they may be and wherever they may be located. Invasive and destroys adjacent areas.
[tumors]
Malignant tumors
52
mesenchymal/connective tissue.
[suffix]
Sarcoma
53
epithelial tissue.
[suffix]
Carcinoma
54
Most reliable feature of malignancy.
Metastasis
55
Tumour implants continuous with the primary tumour.
Metastasis
56
Cancer cells penetrate into blood vessels, lymphatic's and body cavities providing opportunity to spread.
Metastasis
57
All neoplasm metastasize EXCEPT
Glial cells
Basal cell carcinoma
58
[3] Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.
1. Seeding within body cavities
2. Lymphatic spread
3. Hematogenous spread
59
Neoplasm penetrates into a ‘’natural field’’. Most often in the peritoneal cavity.
[Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.]
Seeding within body cavities
60
Most common pathway for CARCINOMAS (Epithelial)
[Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.]
Lymphatic spread
61
Most common pathway for SARCOMAS (connective tissue)
[Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.]
Hematogenous spread
62
Resembling normal cells
[un/differentiated cells]
Differentiated cells
63
Younger form.
[un/differentiated cells]
Undifferentiated cells
64
It is based on the size of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastases.
Staging
65
2 major agencies concerned with the staging of malignant disease are:
1. UICC - International Union against Cancer
2. AJCS - American Joint Committee on Cancer staging
66
Applicable to all form of neoplasia.
TNM system of cancer staging
67
A score is based upon the size of invasion.
[letter]
T
68
With increasing size of the primary lesion.
[letter]
T1, T2, T3, T4
69
A score indicates the extent of lymph node involvement.
[letter]
N
70
Indicates progressively advancing nodal disease.
[letters]
N0, N1, N2, N3
71
A score indicates whether distant metastasis are present.
[letter]
M
72
Whether there are distant metastases.
[letters]
M0, M1
73
Type of neoplasm and a compound tumors.
Teratomas
74
Greek: “MONSTROUS TUMORS”
Teratomas
75
Tumor with normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues.
Teratomas
76
[2] Retrogressive changes.
1. Developmental defects
2. Atrophy
77
[4] Developmental changes
[AAHA]
1. Aplasia
2. Agenesia
3. Hypoplasia
4. Atresia
78
Incomplete/defective development of tissue/organ.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Aplasia
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Most commonly seen in one paired structures (kidneys, gonads, adrenals).
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Aplasia
80
Non-appearance of an organ.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Agenesia
81
Failure of an organ to reach its full, mature size.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Hypoplasia
82
Failure of an organ to form an opening.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Atresia
83
Refers to an acquired decrease in the size of a normally tissue or organ. REDUCTION IN CELL SIZE.
[retrogressive changes]
Atrophy
84
[2] Atrophy
1. Physiologic
2. Pathologic
85
Due to decreased work load.
Physiologic
86
Due to denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply.
[atrophy]
Pathologic
87
Who developed TNM system?
UICC
88
Occurs as a natural consequence of maturation, as in atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid tissue during puberty. Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age 50.
[types of atrophy]
Physiologic atrophy
89
Refers to a decrease in size of organ, usually as a consequence of disease.
[types of atrophy]
Pathologic atrophy
90
[1] Physiologic atrophy
Senile atrophy
91
[6] Pathologic atrophy' retrogressive changes
[VPS, AEE]
1.Vascular atrophy
2. Pressure atrophy
3. Starvation or hunger atrophy
4. Atrophy of disuse
5. Exhaustion atrophy
6. Endocrine atrophy
92
(due to lack of nutrition) occurs if the blood supply to an organ or tissue becomes reduced below critical level.
[pathologic atrophy]
Vascular atrophy
93
Persistent pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cells or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply.
[pathologic atrophy]
Pressure atrophy
94
Due to excessive lack of nutritional supply, may lead to wasting of tissues.
[pathologic atrophy]
Starvation or hunger atrophy
95
Inactivity or diminished function of a tissue or organ may lead to narrowing of blood vessels, with loss of nutrition atrophy occur;
[pathologic atrophy]
Atrophy of disuse
96
Prolonged overwork, especially of an endocrine organ may produce initial enlargement with ultimate slow progressive loss of parenchymal cells.
[pathologic atrophy]
Exhaustion atrophy
97
Diminished or absent endocrine stimulation may produce functional atrophy.
Endocrine atrophy
