lab 4 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
central canal
A
contains blood vessels and nerves. is the hole in the middle of the osteon
2
Q
lacunae
A
space in the ECM occupied by osteocytes
3
Q
osteocytes (4)
A
mature bone cells. reside in lacunae. do not divide or secrete. acquire nutrients and eliminate waste
4
Q
concentric lamellae
A
rings of ECM surrounding a central canal.
5
Q
canalicuni
A
permit communication between osteocytes. are branches that come off osteocytes in search of nutrients
6
Q
trabeculae
A
structural unit of spongy bone tissue. arranged along areas of stress
7
Q
how do osteo blasts, cytes, and clasts, work tgt to maintain skeletal system?
A
blasts secret collagen and become immobilized in it, and become cytes. cytes require nutrients and eliminate waste. clasts catalize bone by secreting lysosomal enzymes that release minerals into the blood. bone is remodeled a lot, and bone must undergo bone resorption by clasts, and formation by blasts
8
Q
areas where spongy bone is found
A
ends of long bones, in skull bones, in ribs, etc
9
Q
how to osteocytes of spongy bone get nutrients if there is no central canal?
A
epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries and vessels
10
Q
red marrow
A
found in the spaces between spongy bone, contain blood stem cells, can produce WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
11
Q
yellow marrow
A
found in the medullary cavity of long bones, contains tryglycerides
12
Q
epiphysis
A
knobby ends of bones, contain red marrow/spongy bone
13
Q
diaphysis / shaft
A
bone shaft, contains medullary cavity
14
Q
metaphysis
A
neck portion of the bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
15
Q
periosteum
A
outer covering of bones (where ligaments and tendons attach to)
16
Q
endosteum
A
membrane that lines medullary cavity (made of single layer of osteocytes and thin layer of CT)
17
Q
epiphyseal line/plate
A
where bones grow lengthwise via interstitial growth. at maturity, the plate becomes a line and growth stops
18
Q
4 functions of skeletal system
A
provide structure
protect organs
produce RBCs etc
allows movement
19
Q
foramen
A
opening where blood vessels, nerves, and ligament can pass through
20
Q
fossa
A
shallow dip/depression
21
Q
meatus
A
tube like opening
22
Q
process
A
projection that forms joints or attachments to CT
23
Q
condyle
A
round protuberance with a smooth surface at the bottom
24
Q
crest
A
prominent ridge
25
facet
smooth flat convex or concave surface
26
head
usually rounded projection supported on a neck
27
supraorbital foramen
foramen above the eyes in the frontal bone
28
crista galli
top part of the ethmoid
29
cribriform plate
supports olfactory bulb, top of nasal cavity
30
perpendicular plate
above the vomer
31
olfactory foramina
holes in the ethmoid
32
occipital condyle
two condyle that can be seen from the inferior view of the skull, connects to vertebral column
33
foramen magnum
hole in the bottom of the skull for the spine
34
mandibular fossa
where the condylar process forms a joint with the temporal bone
35
styloid process
small spine coming out of the temporal bone, hyoid bone is suspended from it
36
mastoid process
protruding part of the temporal bone where several muscles attach
37
external auditory meatus
ear canal
38
condylar process
top of the mandible where it forms a join with the temporal bone
39
infraorbital foramen
hole in the maxillae for nerves and vessels
40
palatine process
small protruding part on the roof of the mouth
41
bones that make up the orbits
Sphenoid.
Frontal.
Zygomatic.
Ethmoid.
Lacrimal.
Maxilla.
Palatine.
42
bones that make up the hard palate
maxillae and palatine
43
bones that make up the nasal septum
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and the vomer
44
bones that form the zygomatic arch?
temporal, zygomatic
45
lambdoid suture
base of the head across
46
squamous suture
sides of the head front to back
47
anterior fontanel
top of the skull connect point, vision stone
48
posterior fontanel
back of the skull connect point
49
anterolateral fontanel
front sides connect point
50
posterolateral fontanel
back sides connect point
51
2 functions of the paranasal sinuses
lighten the head
make mucus
52
hyoid bone muscle connection
the tongue
53
order of the ear bones
malleus, incus, stapes
54
body / centrum
main portion, weight baring part
55
vertebral foramen
hole in the middle
56
transverse process
bone extensions on the sides
57
spinous process
single extension out the back (only bone that doesnt have one is the atlas)
58
superior articular process
attachment point to above vertebrae
59
inferior articular process
attachment point to below vertebrae
60
facets on superior and inferior articular processess
surfaces that connect two vertebrae together
61
what bones allow you to nod your head yes
atlas and occipital
62
which bones allow you to shake your head no
atlas and axis
63
bifid spinous process
unique to cervical vertebrae, two pronged spinous process
64
how to identify cervical vertebrae
two transverse foramen, smaller that others, thin spinous process, bifid spinous process
65
atlas
first vertebrae, lacks spinous process and body
66
axis
second vertebrae, has dens (peg like process)
67
how to identify thoracic vertebrae
look for rib facets (has superior and inferior demifacets)
68
how to identify lumbar vertebrae
largest, short and thick processes
69
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae at the bottom of the spine
70
sacral hiatus
termination point of the sacrum
71
coccyx
formed by the union of 3-5 bones, is the tail bone
72
number of vertebrae with regions
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
73
thoracic cage components
sternum, ribs, costal cartilage
74
sternum parts
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
75
jugular notch
middle notch in the sternum
76
clavicular notches
side notches in the sternum
77
true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs, attach to costal cartilage directly
78
false ribs
last 5 ribs, do not directly attach to sternum
79
floating ribs
last 2 ribs that do not attach to sternum at all
80
costal cartilage is made of _____
hyaline cartilage
81
contains blood vessels and nerves. is the hole in the middle of the osteon
central canal
82
space in the ECM occupied by osteocytes
lacunae
83
mature bone cells. reside in lacunae. do not divide or secrete. acquire nutrients and eliminate waste
osteocytes (4)
84
rings of ECM surrounding a central canal.
concentric lamellae
85
permit communication between osteocytes. are branches that come off osteocytes in search of nutrients
canalicuni
86
structural unit of spongy bone tissue. arranged along areas of stress
trabeculae
87
blasts secret collagen and become immobilized in it, and become cytes. cytes require nutrients and eliminate waste. clasts catalize bone by secreting lysosomal enzymes that release minerals into the blood. bone is remodeled a lot, and bone must undergo bone resorption by clasts, and formation by blasts
how do osteo blasts, cytes, and clasts, work tgt to maintain skeletal system?
88
ends of long bones, in skull bones, in ribs, etc
areas where spongy bone is found
89
epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries and vessels
how to osteocytes of spongy bone get nutrients if there is no central canal?
90
found in the spaces between spongy bone, contain blood stem cells, can produce WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
red marrow
91
found in the medullary cavity of long bones, contains tryglycerides
yellow marrow
92
knobby ends of bones, contain red marrow/spongy bone
epiphysis
93
bone shaft, contains medullary cavity
diaphysis / shaft
94
neck portion of the bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
metaphysis
95
outer covering of bones (where ligaments and tendons attach to)
periosteum
96
membrane that lines medullary cavity (made of single layer of osteocytes and thin layer of CT)
endosteum
97
where bones grow lengthwise via interstitial growth. at maturity, the plate becomes a line and growth stops
epiphyseal line/plate
98
provide structure
protect organs
produce RBCs etc
allows movement
4 functions of skeletal system
99
opening where blood vessels, nerves, and ligament can pass through
foramen
100
shallow dip/depression
fossa
101
tube like opening
meatus
102
projection that forms joints or attachments to CT
process
103
round protuberance with a smooth surface at the bottom
condyle
104
prominent ridge
crest
105
smooth flat convex or concave surface
facet
106
usually rounded projection supported on a neck
head
107
foramen above the eyes in the frontal bone
supraorbital foramen
108
top part of the ethmoid
crista galli
109
supports olfactory bulb, top of nasal cavity
cribriform plate
110
above the vomer
perpendicular plate
111
holes in the ethmoid
olfactory foramina
112
two condyle that can be seen from the inferior view of the skull, connects to vertebral column
occipital condyle
113
hole in the bottom of the skull for the spine
foramen magnum
114
where the condylar process forms a joint with the temporal bone
mandibular fossa
115
small spine coming out of the temporal bone, hyoid bone is suspended from it
styloid process
116
protruding part of the temporal bone where several muscles attach
mastoid process
117
ear canal
external auditory meatus
118
top of the mandible where it forms a join with the temporal bone
condylar process
119
hole in the maxillae for nerves and vessels
infraorbital foramen
120
small protruding part on the roof of the mouth
palatine process
121
Sphenoid.
Frontal.
Zygomatic.
Ethmoid.
Lacrimal.
Maxilla.
Palatine.
bones that make up the orbits
122
maxillae and palatine
bones that make up the hard palate
123
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and the vomer
bones that make up the nasal septum
124
temporal, zygomatic
bones that form the zygomatic arch?
125
base of the head across
lambdoid suture
126
sides of the head front to back
squamous suture
127
top of the skull connect point, vision stone
anterior fontanel
128
back of the skull connect point
posterior fontanel
129
front sides connect point
anterolateral fontanel
130
back sides connect point
posterolateral fontanel
131
lighten the head
make mucus
2 functions of the paranasal sinuses
132
the tongue
hyoid bone muscle connection
133
malleus, incus, stapes
order of the ear bones
134
main portion, weight baring part
body / centrum
135
hole in the middle
vertebral foramen
136
bone extensions on the sides
transverse process
137
single extension out the back (only bone that doesnt have one is the atlas)
spinous process
138
attachment point to above vertebrae
superior articular process
139
attachment point to below vertebrae
inferior articular process
140
surfaces that connect two vertebrae together
facets on superior and inferior articular processess
141
atlas and occipital
what bones allow you to nod your head yes
142
atlas and axis
which bones allow you to shake your head no
143
unique to cervical vertebrae, two pronged spinous process
bifid spinous process
144
two transverse foramen, smaller that others, thin spinous process, bifid spinous process
how to identify cervical vertebrae
145
first vertebrae, lacks spinous process and body
atlas
146
second vertebrae, has dens (peg like process)
axis
147
look for rib facets (has superior and inferior demifacets)
how to identify thoracic vertebrae
148
largest, short and thick processes
how to identify lumbar vertebrae
149
5 fused vertebrae at the bottom of the spine
sacrum
150
termination point of the sacrum
sacral hiatus
151
formed by the union of 3-5 bones, is the tail bone
coccyx
152
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
number of vertebrae with regions
153
sternum, ribs, costal cartilage
thoracic cage components
154
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
sternum parts
155
middle notch in the sternum
jugular notch
156
side notches in the sternum
clavicular notches
157
first 7 pairs of ribs, attach to costal cartilage directly
true ribs
158
last 5 ribs, do not directly attach to sternum
false ribs
159
last 2 ribs that do not attach to sternum at all
floating ribs
160
hyaline cartilage
costal cartilage is made of _____
