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Biol 1190 > lecture 12 > Flashcards

lecture 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

blood definition

A

formed elements or cells in a liquid ECM

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2
Q

ECM of blood

A

blood plasma

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3
Q

what percent of body mass is blood

A

8%

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4
Q

average amount of blood in males vs females

A

males - 5-6L
female - 4-5L

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5
Q

blood temperature it must be kept around

A

38 degrees

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6
Q

components of blood (%)

A

blood plasma (55%)
formed elements (45%)

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7
Q

formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes
platelets
leukocytes

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8
Q

blood plasma % makeup

A

91.5% water, 8.5% solutes

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9
Q

solutes in blood plasma

A

albumins (54%)
globulins (38%)
fibrinogen (7%)
other (1.5%)

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10
Q

albumins in blood plasma function

A

maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

globulins in blood plasma function

A

antibodies and transport proteins for ions, lipids, and vitamins

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12
Q

“other (1.5%)” components of blood plasma

A

electrolytes
nutrients
enzymes
hormones
gases
metabolic wastes

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13
Q

erythrocytes facts

A

most abundant
- transport O2 and CO2
- mature cells have no organelles - more hemoglobin

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14
Q

leukocytes facts

A

many types
fight infection and invasion

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15
Q

platelets

A

anucleate cell fragments

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16
Q

thrombocytes

A

nucleated blood cells that form clots in lower verebrates

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17
Q

why might a low or high hematocrit be harmful?

A

low - less effective transport of O2, CO2, hormones etc

high - thickens blood, risk of blockage, heart works harder

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18
Q

hemopoiesis

A

process of blood cell formation

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19
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

blood cells start as these, will continue development into two lineages (myeloid and lymphoid)

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20
Q

precursor cells

A

produced by each lineage, step between progenitor cells and formed elements

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21
Q

myeloid lineage produces:

A

RBCs, platelets, 4 leukocytes (no lymphocytes)

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22
Q

lymphoid lineage produces:

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Natural killer cells

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23
Q

path of an RBC

A

pluripotent stem cell
myeloid stem cell (CFU-E)
proerythroblast
reticulocyte
RBC

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24
Q

what regulates blood cell formation

A

hemopoietic factors (hormones)

these include:
erythropoetin
thrombopoetin
cytokines
(more on them later)

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25
erythropoetin
increases number of erythrocyte precursor, increasing RBCs in blood - synthesized in kidneys
26
thrombopoetin
stimulates platelet formation - synthesized in liver
27
cytokines
stimulate proliferation of leukocytes and lymphocytes - synthesized in red marrow
28
RBC structure
biconcave discs - flexible - anucleate - lack most organelles when mature - no mitochondria
29
why do RBCs have no mitochondria
makes more space for hemoglobin, and so the mitochondria cannot use the O2 it is carrying in aerobic cellular respiration
30
RBC count in males and females
4.8 mil in females 5.4 mil in males
31
how many O2 can hemoglobin bind
4
32
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme contained by RBCs that converts CO2 into carbonic acid, important as a blood buffer
33
Nitric oxide (NO) (released by, causes)
acts as a hormone - released by endothelial cells during inflammation, causes vasodilation
34
RBC life cycle
1. damaged RBCs die 2. globulin + heme parts are seperated 3. globulin is recylced 4. ferric iron from heme is bound to transferrin 5. ferric iron transfered to ferritin for storage in liver 6. iron reattached to transferrin 7. iron taken to Red marrow 8. erythropoiesis
35
5 steps of erythropoiesis
1. starts with proerythroblast 2.. it divides, one cell ejects nucleus 3. resulting cell - reticulocyte 4. nucleus ejection - biconcavity 5. RBC leaves marrow 6. matures in 1-2 days (loses organs)
36
negative feedback loop for RBC production
- stimulus - reduced O2 transport to tissues - sensor - kidney receptors - control centre - kidney cells - effectors - proerythroblasts in red marrow - net outcome - more RBCs = more O2 delivered to tissues
37
leukocytes structure
all organelles present, no hemoglobin may be granular or agranular
38
granular leukocytes
contain special vesicles - neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils
39
neutrophils
- granular, phagocytic cells - myeloid lineage - polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus)
40
eosinophils
- defend against parasites - granular - combat effects of histamine
41
basophils
- release histamine - granular - granules obscure appearance
42
lymphocytes
-- agranular - lymphoid lineage - T, B, NK cells
43
monocytes
- agranular - myeloid lineage - differentiate into macrophages or fuse into osteoclasts
44
chemotaxis
permit WBCs to find the site of infection movement of WBCs to a chemical stimulus
45
fastest leukocyte to respond to bacterial infection (and what they do at the site)
neutrophils, they release lysozymes that disrupts bacterial membranes
46
what happens during infection and invasion?
inflammation emigration and rolling chemotaxis tissue disinfection tissue healing
47
emigration
movement of WBCs from blood to the site of tissue damage
48
rolling
leukocytes sensing where to squeeze through the endothelium
49
how are platelets formed?
when megakaryoblasts mature into magokaryocytes and break into 2-3k pieces
50
lifespan of a platelet
5-9 days
51
hemostasis
process that prevents hemorhage
52
3 steps of hemostasis
vascular spasm platelet plug formation blood clotting
53
vascular spasm
chemicals released by damaged smooth muscle and activated platelets lead to spasm of smooth muscle around blood vessels stems bleeding shortly
54
platelet plug steps
platelet adhesion platelet activation ADP makes platelets sticky
55
blood clot
platelet plug + insoluble protein fibres
56
coagulation
process of blood clot formation requires clotting factors like calcium and enzymes
57
intrinsic blood clotting pathway activation
activated by damaged endothelial cells sense within blood vessels
58
extrinsic pathway activation
external substance (tissue factor) enters blood
59
sickle cell anemia
genetic mutation in the globin gene - change in amino acid sequence, chances shape of protein folding - alleles protect against malaria
60
malaria
caused by parasitic infection of erythrocytes - sickled RBCs leak potassium which allows malarial parasite to reproduce
61
hemophilia
inherited disease - mutation leading to insufficient clotting factors - minor injury - hemorrhage - found on X chromosome - treated by donated plasma + clotting factors
62
polycythemia
too many RBCs in the blood - caused by mutation, hormone imbalance, or EPO injection - leads to thickened blood
63
both pathways of clotting first activate factor ____, which starts a common pathway
factor X
64
common pathway in blood clotting
factor X starts common pathway - prothrombinase activates prothrombin into thrombin - thrombin activates factor XIII to strengthen fibrin threads between RBCs

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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