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Biol 1190 > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

bone is made of (6)

A

bone (osseous) tissue
cartilage
dense connective tissue
epithelial tissue
adipose tissue
nervous tissue

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2
Q

osteology

A

the study of bone structure

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3
Q

skeleton 6 main functions

A

supports body (framework)
protects internal organs
assists movement
assists mineral homeostasis
red blood cell production
store triglycerides

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4
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone

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5
Q

epiphysis

A

knobby ends of the bone

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6
Q

metaphysis

A

region between epiphysis and diaphysis. neck sort of thing

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7
Q

articular cartilage

A

reduced friction between joints, made of hyaline

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8
Q

periosteum

A

outer covering of the bones where tendons and ligaments attach

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9
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow portion of diaphysis

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10
Q

endosteum

A

membrane that lines medullary cavity, made of 1 layer of osteocytes and thin connective tissue

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11
Q

% makeup of bone ECM

A

15 water, 30 collagen fibres, 55 mineral salts

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12
Q

calcification

A

harding of ECM

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13
Q

primary elements in bone

A

calcium first, then phosphorous

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14
Q

cells make up ____% of bone

A

2

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15
Q

4 cells in bone (o cell)

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osterclasts

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16
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells of bone, located deep to the periosteum

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17
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete collagen and other components of bone ECM. do not divide, once immobilized by its secretions, they become osteocytes

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18
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, do not divide or secrete, acquire nutrients and eliminate wastes

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19
Q

osteoclasts

A

catabolize bone, formed by 50 ish monocytes (WBCs), secrete lysosomal enzymes and acids, release minerals into blood
(bone resorption)

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20
Q

bone resorption

A

process done by osteoclasts where bone is catabolized or broken down and the minerals are released into the blood

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21
Q

where to find compact bone tissue

A

diaphysis of long bones
surrounding all bones (deep to periosteum)

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22
Q

where to find spongy bone tissue

A

inside epiphysis of long bones
inside flat bones (many of the axial skeleton)

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23
Q

structure of compact bone

A

strongest of bone tissues
resistant to mechanical stress
dense ECM
structural unit = osteons

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24
Q

bone remodeling

A

arrangement of osteons and trabeculae due to mechanical stress

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25
types of lamellae
interstitial = old concentric from old osteons concentric = rings around central canal circumferential = surround long bone
26
interosteonic canals
provide passage for blood vessels and nerves penetrates bone from periosteum to medullary cavity travels between osteons
27
trabeculae structure
projections of bone tissue arranged alone areas of stress surrounded by red bone marrow is lighter that compact bone supports and protects bone marrow handles stress along multiple axes better then compact
28
periosteal arteries
nourish periosteum
29
nutrient artery
enters bone through nutrient foramen penetrates diaphysis and branches into bone marrow
30
epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries
nourish internal tissues of the epiphysis branches of the nutrient artery
31
functions of the blood supply in bone
bring nutrients (o2, cells, minerals, hormones), remove waste
32
function of the nerve supply in bone
detect pain (respond before injury, regulate bone remodeling)
33
ossification
formation of bones
34
4 phases of life that require bone formation
development of embryonic skeleton development during childhood and adolescence during bone remodeling during the repair of fractures
35
intramembranous ossification
bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue
36
endochondral ossification
bone develops from a hyaline cartilage intermediate forms most bones, including long bones
37
intramembranous ossification steps
1. formation of ossification centre - mesenchymal - osteoprogenitor - osteoblasts 2. calcification of mineral salts secreted by osteoblasts 3. formation of trabeculae in spongy tissue - CT between trabeculae becomes red marrow 4. formation of periosteum - mesenchymal tissue surrounding trabeculae compacts and form the periosteum
38
key points of intramembranous ossification (4)
bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue makes bone spongy and compact tissue starts in the embryo makes flat cranial bones and most facial bones
39
endochondral ossification steps (6)
1. mesenchymal cells differentiate into chrondroblasts 2. chondroblasts secrete ECM to promote intersitial growth 3. penetration of nutrient artery 4. primary ossification extends to the ends of bones 5. secondary ossification centre forms at epiphysis 6. hyaline cartilage at joints become articular cartilage
40
interstitial growth
growth in bone length
41
appositional growth
growth in bone circumference
42
step 1 of endochondral in detail
mesenchymal cells differential into chondroblasts they secrete collagen to become hyaline cartilage, and forms the future diaphysis
43
step 2 of endochondrial in detail
chondroblasts secrete ECM to promote interstitial growth mature chondrocytes die and become lacunae
44
step 3 endochondrial in detail
penetration of nutrient artery through the perichondrium stimulates: osteoprogenitor cells to mature into osteoblasts and make trabeculae in the primary ossification centre, perichondrium compacting into periosteum, and hyaline cartilage to lose nutrients and disintegrate
45
step 4 endochondrial in detail
primary ossification extends to the end of bone osteoclasts digest some of the spongy bone, carving out the medullary cavity
46
step 5 endochondrial in detail
secondary ossification centre forms at epiphysis begins at birth
47
step 6 endochondrial in detail
hyaline cartilage at joints becomes articular cartilage cartilage remaining at metaphysis remains cartilage until adulthood (epiphyseal plate/line)
48
interstitial growth zones (4)
zone of resting cartilage zone of proliferating cartilage zone of hypertrophic cartilage zone of calcified cartilage
49
zone of resting cartilage (3)
proximal to the epiphysis does not divide anchors epiphyseal plate to bone
50
zone of proliferating cartilage (2)
contains actively dividing chondrocytes contributes to interstitial growth
51
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
contains mature chondrocytes large cells arranged in columns
52
zone of calcified cartilage
contains layers of dead chondrocytes can be cleared by osteoclasts during bone remodeling becomes "new diaphysis"
53
appositional growth steps (4)
1. periosteal cells become osteocytes, ridges of ECM form around periosteal vessels 2. ridges fuse, old periosteum is now endosteum 3. endosteal ostesblasts secrete ECM to create new concentric lamellae 4. new circumferential lamellae are made by osteoblasts
54
nutrient groups that affect bone growth (5)
calcium and phosphorus vit D vit C vit K and B12 vit A
55
what does calcium and phosphorus do for bone growth?
mineralize bone tissue ECM
56
what does vit D do for bone growth?
promotes dietary calcium absorption
57
what does vit C do for bone growth?
required for collagen synthesis
58
what does vit K and B12 do for bone growth?
important for protein synthesis
59
what does vit A do for bone growth?
stimulates osteoblast activity
60
what hormones affect bone growth? (4)
human growth hormone thyroid hormones (t3 and t4) estrogen test
61
how does human growth hormone affect bone growth?
stimulates osteoblasts at epiphyseal plate and periosteum during childhood and before adulthood
62
how does thyroid hormones t3 and t4 affect bone growth?
by stimulating osteoblasts
63
how does estrogen affect bone growth?
it can inhibit or slow bone resorption by promoting apoptosis in osteoclasts
64
three factors affecting bone growth
nutrition hormones exercise
65
bone remodeling / when is it remodeled?
encompasses both bone resorption and bone deposition bone is remodeled: during growth during and after injury with changes to exercise and diet
66
what happens during bone remodeling?
osteoclasts suction to bone and release enzymes and acids to catabolize bone and release minerals via transcytosis. osteoblasts then deposit bone along lines of mechanical stress
67
calcium homeostasis feedback loop
stimulus - low calcium sensor - parathyroid gland control centre - nucleus of parathyroid gland effector - kidneys and osteoclasts response - increased calcium osteoclasts will dissolve bone to release calcium into the blood, kidneys will make calcitriol to increase calcium absorption
68
types of fractures
stress - can be microscopic and not damage surrounding tissue compound - can be large and damage surrounding tissue
69
reduction
the realigning of bones to initiate healing closed reduction - occurs without surgery open - skin is broken, occurs with surgical intervention
70
bone repair phases (3)
reactive phase reparative phase remodeling phase
71
reactive phase of bone repair
first phase close like structure called fracture hematoma stops bleeding, inflammation bring immune cells to injury lasts 4-6 weeks
72
reparative phase of bone repair
second phase formation of fibrocartilaginous callus made of collagen between fractured ends of bone, new blood vessels form at the same time, osteoprogenitor cells secrete ECM to create new spongy bone and form bony callus lasts 3-4 months
73
bone remodeling phase
third phase osteoclasts remove dead bone, compact bone replaces spongy tissue around fracture site and thickens at the fracture area
74
osteoporosis
loss of bone density higher levels of bone resorption than deposition increased risk of fracture affects elderly women more due to lower estrogen levels

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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