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Biol 1190 > lecture 3 minus cell parts > Flashcards

lecture 3 minus cell parts Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

cells that possess membranous organelles

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2
Q

makeup of the lipid bilayer (%)

A

75% phospholipids
20% cholesterol
5% glycoproteins

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3
Q

why must membranes be fluid?

A
  • permits self healing
  • allows for membrane growth
  • permits fusion with other membranes
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4
Q

how is membrane fluidity regulated? (3)

A
  1. cells change the saturation of fatty acids
    - saturated = straight
    - unsaturated = “kinked”
    - unsaturated allows for more space between fatty acids = more fluid
  2. cells change cholesterol amount in membranes
    - cholesterol acts as a fluidity buffer
    - bulky molecule = increases fluidity
    - planar nature of rings prevent movement = lower fluidity
  3. temperature
    - high temp - more fluid
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5
Q

why can only non polar molecules cross the membrane?

A

because non polar things are hydrophobic, things must be hydrophobic to cross

the membrane is impermeable to polar and charged things

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6
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

anchored to hydrophobic centre of membrane

assist in transport

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7
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

anchored to hydrophobic centre or membrane

assist in transport

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8
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins that go all the way through

amphipathic

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9
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

bound to membrane by electrostatic interactions

hydrophilic

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10
Q

glycoproteins

A

membrane proteins bound to saccharides

only found on the outer side

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11
Q

glycocalyx

A

formed when the saccharides on glycoproteins and glycolipids join

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12
Q

receptors

A

bind specific molecules and send signals to the inside of the cell to change behavior

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12
Q

receptors

A

bind specific molecules and send signals to the inside of the cell to change behavior

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13
Q

linker proteins

A

connect cells and facilitate locomotion

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14
Q

cell identity markers

A

usually glycoproteins, help body cells or invaders identify cell types

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15
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis

any type of transport that requires, no ATP

passive transport is driven by kinetic energy and concentration gradients

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16
Q

rate of diffusion is effected by: (2)

A

size of the particles
- bigger = slower

temperature
- high temp = faster molecules = more kinetic energy

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17
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles down its concentration gradient

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the use of carrier proteins or ion channels (and aquaporins) to help substances cross the bilayer

this is how polar and charged substances can get through

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19
Q

ion channels

A

passage for facilitated diffusion

may be gated (require a signal before opening)

passive

can only transport one type or ion

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20
Q

carrier proteins

A

change shape to move solutes across membrane

specific to shape

passive

ex. used to bring glucose into the cell

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21
Q

aquaporins

A

channels to bring water into the cell

water can diffuse, but these are 50000 time faster

passive

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22
Q

active transport

A

transport needed to keep concentration gradients (CG) from diffusing

moves substances UP the CG

requires energy (ATP for primary, electrochemical potential for secondary)

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23
Q

how do cells maintain a negative membrane potential

A

sodium/potassium pump pumps Na out and K in in a 2:3 ratio, keeping the inside negative

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24
primary active transport
moves solutes UP the CG using ATP hydrolysis
25
secondary active transport
uses electrochemical potential set up by primary active transport as energy move two solutes at the same time one solute flows down its CG and releases free energy for the second solute to move UP its CG
26
antiporters
when solutes in secondary active transport flow in opposite directions
27
symporters
when both solutes in secondary active transport flow in the same direction
28
endocytosis
movement into cells via a vesicle active transport
29
exocytosis
movement out of cells via a vesicle also called secretion in some cells active transport
30
receptor mediated endocytosis
imports specific molecules into cells
31
phagocytosis
"eating" of molecules or invaders by phagocytic cells important process for immune system
32
pinocytosis
"drinking" of dissolved tissues cell takes in interstitial fluid and test for invaders (via lymphocytes)
33
transcytosis
movement of substances through the cells by endocytosis then exocytosis
34
osmosis
water moving from low solute concentration to high across a semipermeable membrane
35
isotonic
a solution with the same concentration as as cell in it
36
hypertonic
solution outside of the cell has a higher solute concentration compared to the inside water will move out of the cell, and the cell will crenate
37
crenate
when a red blood cell shrinks due to osmosis in a hypertonic solution
38
hypotonic
solution outside of the cell has a lower concentration compared to in the cell water will move into the cell, and the cell will lyse (hemolysis in RBCs)
39
hemolysis
when a red blood cell lyses or bursts
40
how to calculate if a solution is hyper, hypo, or isotonic
1. add all percentages of ALL solutes (osmolarity) 2. compared and determine what the environment is 3. determine outcome of situation
41
osmolarity and what it determines
osmolarity is the total solute concentration of a solution, and it determines tonicity
42
tonicity
how a cell behaved when it is placed in a solution (shrink, lyse, ...)
43
chromatin
transcriptionally active DNA that is loosely packed
44
where does transcription occur?
the nucleus
45
where does translation occur?
in ribosomes
46
chromosomes
Chromatin that has been supercoiled and condensed into a compact form
47
cytokinesis
division of the cellular components excluding the nucleus
48
interphase stages
g1, S, g2
49
g1 phase
cell growth and preparation for DNA replication duplicates organelles and cytosolic components centrosome replication begins
50
S phase
DNA replication happens in this phase in preparation for mitosis
51
g2 phase
enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in preparation for division cell growth continues replication process is completed
52
prophase
nuclear envelope dissolves and chromatin condenses into chromosomes mitotic spindle starts to form clump of stuff under microscope
53
metaphase
chromosomes align at the equatorial plate chromosomes in a line under microscope
54
anaphase
chromosomes are pulled by the mitotic spindle to either sides of the cell appears to be being pulled under microscope cleavage furrow starts in late anaphase
55
telophase
begins once chromosomes are at either side of the cell nuclear envelopes form around new cells
56
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm starts in late anaphase with the cleavage furrow and ends after telophase completes cell division
57
anatomy of a chromosome (in mitosis)
an unreplicated or replicatted chromosome are both called chromosomes the two halves are called sister chromatids chromatids are only existent in replicated chromosomes. if there is only one "strand," it is a chromosome
58
pinched centre of a chromosome in mitosis
centromere
59
a complex of proteins that serves as the site of attachment for the mitotic spindle
kinetochore
60
telomeres
pieces of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that protect the ends from shortening protect against nucleolytic degradation
61
how are telomeres added to chromosomes?
telomerase
62
diploid cell
a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes formed during mitosis
63
haploid cell
a cell with only 1 set of chromosomes
64
haploid cell
a cell with only 1 set of chromosomes formed during meiosis
65
full mitosis process
g1 S g2 prophase metaphase anaphase (cytokinesis starts) telophase cytokinesis ends
66
meiosis 1
homologous chromosomes are segregated crossing over happens, and recombination occurs to create genetic diversity homologous chromosomes align at equatorial plate and separate we are left with two nonidentical cells with a haploid set of chromosomes
67
meiosis 2
sister chromatids are segregated chromosomes align at plate chromosomes split we are left with 4 nonidentical cells with a haploid set of chromosomes
68
prophase 1
tetrads form by synapsis of sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes crossing over between non sister chromatids occurs genetic recombination occurs
69
metaphase 1
homologous chromosomes align at equatorial plate
70
anaphase 1
separation of homologous chromosomes
71
telophase 1
cell splits nuclear envelops form creates two haploid cells
72
prophase 2
nuclear envelops dissolve mitotic spindle starts to form NO interphase between 1 and 2
73
metaphase 2
chromosomes align at equatorial plate
74
anaphase 2
chromosomes are pulled to either side cytokinesis starts
75
telophase 2
Cells split cytokinesis finishes we are left with now 4 haploid daughter cells
76
synapsis
the joining of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1 facilitates genetic exchange

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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