Lab 8 Endocrine

Question 1

endocrine axis basic pattern

Answer 1

hypothalamus –> pituitary –> gland –> final hormone

Question 2

posterior pituitary - alternate name and hormones secreted

Answer 2

• neurohypophysis because of neural origin

- ADH and oxytocin storage and release

Question 3

place where ADH and oxytocin made

Answer 3

• supraoptic nucleus = ADH
• paraventricular nucleus = oxytocin
• both are located in hypothalamus

Question 4

ADH function, alternate name, and flow

Answer 4

• at high concentrations works as vasoconstrictor = vasopressin
• kidney reabsorb more water
• osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect rise in osmolality –> ADH released –> kidneys reabsorb more water –> osmolality decreases

Question 5

oxyotocin function

Answer 5

1) bonding between adults, children, and animals due to receptors in the brain
2) milk ejection from mammary glands
3) uterine contraction and labor

Question 6

how is ADH and oxytocin brought to the posterior pituitary

Answer 6

hypothalamoi - hypophyseal tract = axon bundle in CNS

Question 7

trophic hormones definition and affect if there is too much or too little

Answer 7

• trophic = nourishes a gland
• too much = hypertrophy and hyperplasia
• too little = atrophy

Question 8

list all trophic hormones

Answer 8

• FSH and LH
• prolactin
• growth hormone
• TSH
• ACTH

Question 9

hypothalamus releasing and inhibiting hormones

Answer 9

• GnRH
• PIH
• GHRH
• TRH
• CRH

Question 10

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Answer 10

• brings releasing / inhibiting hormones from primary capillaries in hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

Question 11

negative feedback of endocrine system

Answer 11

• end hormones made by glands inhibit hormones from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 12

galactorrhea cause

Answer 12

prolactin secreting tumor in anterior pituitary –> inappropriate milk secretion in men, women, and children

Question 13

2 hormones that don’t use negative feedback

Answer 13

prolactin and growth hormone

Question 14

prolactin axis

Answer 14

PIH prolactin inhibiting hormone –> reduces prolactin secretion –> prolactin stimulates milk production

Question 15

hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis

Answer 15

TRH –> TSH –> T3 and T4

Question 16

permissive hormone

Answer 16

thyroid hormone is permissive meaning it is necessary for other hormones to work

Question 17

functions of thyroid hormone

Answer 17

metabolism, growth and development, heat generation

Question 18

iodine deficiency and symptoms

Answer 18

iodine deficiency –> T3/T4 cannot be made –> low T3/T4 –> high TSH and TRH –> goiter aka thyroid swelling

Question 19

thyroid follicle structure

Answer 19

• single layer of thyroid follicular cells

- inside is colloid and filled with thyroglobulin protein

Question 20

T3/T4 production pathway

Answer 20

iodide (from diet, dairy, seafood) taken in to thyroid follicular cells –> iodide and thyroglobulin released into colloid –> iodide converted to iodine –> iodine binds to tyrosine on thyroglobulin to make MIT and DIT –> MIT and DIT combine to form T3/T4 still bound to thyroglobulin

Question 21

T3/T4 release pathway

Answer 21

TSH stimulates follicular cells to take up T3/T4 –> T3/T4 cleaved off of thyroglobulin –> T3/T4 enter blood and bind to carrier proteins, thyroglobulin is recycled

Question 22

hyperthyroidism symptoms

Answer 22

• always hot, nervous, excited, high heart rate, weight loss

Question 23

hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 23

• always cold, weight gain, lethargy, low heart rate

Question 24

parafollicular cells

Answer 24

cells between follicles of thyroid that make calcitonin which decrease about of calcium in blood

Question 25

name of carrier protein for thyroid hormone

Answer 25

thyroid binding globulin

Question 26

percent of T3 vs T4

Answer 26

90% T4 | 10% T3

Question 27

percent of bound thyroid hormone vs free

Answer 27

99% bound <1% free amount of free depends on concentration of hormones, carrier, and their chemical interaction

Question 28

workflow of thyroid hormone / mechanism

Answer 28

- hydrophobic --> genomic mechanism - T4/T3 enters cell --> T4 converted to T3 --> binds to receptor in cell --> receptor hormone complex forms heterodimer with retinoic acid --> gene expression modified

Question 29

parathyroid gland shape, location, and main function and effects

Answer 29

- 4 beans on back of thyroid - creates parathyroid releasing hormone which increases blood calcium 1) increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys 2) activates vitamin D so more calcium can be absorbed from food 3) stimulates bone resorption = break down

Question 30

pancreas main function

Answer 30

- 99% acinar cells, exocrine production and secretion of pancreatic juices into duodenum of small intestines

Question 31

alpha cells - hormone and effects

Answer 31

glucagon, released during low blood sugar | - gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis (to increase free fatty acids)

Question 32

beta cells - hormone and effects

Answer 32

- insulin when high blood sugar - skeletal muscle cells and fat cells take in glucose, amino acids - STORE

Question 33

type 1 diabetes

Answer 33

- autoimmune attack of beta cells so body cannot produce insulin

Question 34

stages of follicle maturation

Answer 34

primordial follicle --> primary follicle --> secondary follicle --> graffian follicle

Question 35

FSH and LH effect on ovaries

Answer 35

FSH --> estrogen released from granulosa cells --> follicle maturation LH --> ovulation

Question 36

corpus luteum function

Answer 36

- releases progesterone so endometrial lining thickens and vascularizes

Question 37

granulosa cells - location and function

Answer 37

- surrounds egg, secretes estrogen to promote maturation of follicle

Question 38

stroma vs parenchymal cells

Answer 38

- stroma = connective tissue | - parenchymal = cells / portion that does actual function of the tissue

Question 39

seminiferous tubules - structure and brief function

Answer 39

- places where sperm are made | - as sperm mature move towards center of tubulues

Question 40

interstitial cells of Leydig - stimulation and what does it produce

Answer 40

- found in between seminiferous tubules | - LH --> interstitial cells of Leydig --> testosterone production

Question 41

sperm production - where and describe process

Answer 41

- seminiferous tubules - FSH stimulates sperm maturation - sperm mature and move closer to center of tubules