Lecture 8 Blood Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
2 parts of blood
A
plasma and formed elements
2
Q
plasma
A
liquid that contains proteins and dissolve solutes
3
Q
formed elements
A
all cells in blood
4
Q
plasma vs serum formation, content, and appearance
A
- plasma = very high in clotting factor, formed after centrifuging blood
- serum = very low in clotting factors, formed after letting blood sit and coagulate/clot on its own
- both are clear yellow in appearance
5
Q
3 layers of blood formed during centrifugation
A
- bottom = RBC and formed elements
- middle = thin buffy white coat of WBC
- top = plasma, yellow
6
Q
hematocrit definition and ranges
A
= % of blood that is RBC
- women = 35-45%
- men = 40-53%
7
Q
plasma composition (percentages)
A
- 1% solutes (amino acids, hormones, lipids, etc)
- 7% proteins
- 93% water
8
Q
3 classes of plasma proteins
A
albumin, globulins, and clotting factors
9
Q
albumin
A
- most abundant blood protein, 60-80%
- exerts colloid osmotic pressure aka oncotic pressure that pulls and keeps water in blood vessel
10
Q
colloid osmotic pressure meaning and alternate name
A
- aka oncotic pressure
- colloid = caused by a protein solute
- keeps water in blood vessels and out of interstitial fluid and tissue
11
Q
globulin functions and types
A
- some are lipid carriers
- alpha beta and gamma
- gamma = immunoglobulins = antibodies
- antibodies are NOT made in the liver - only blood protein that is not made in the liver
12
Q
clotting factors - most abundant one?
A
- fibrinogen precursor to fibrin
13
Q
blood osmolality range
A
280-300 mOsm
14
Q
blood pH range
A
7.35-7.45 pH
15
Q
fasting glucose range
A
75-100
16
Q
RBC, alternate name and description
A
erythrocyte, biconcave discs with no nucleus
17
Q
reticulocytes and percentage
A
- immature RBC that left red bone marrow too early
- 0.5-1.5%
- indication of RBC production rate
18
Q
2 groups of leukocytes
A
granular and agranular
19
Q
leukocyte alternate name and ranking by abundance
A
- WBC
- never let monkeys eat bananas
- neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
20
Q
eosinophils
A
- degranulate and promote inflammation and allergic reaction
21
Q
basophils and mast cells
A
- degranulate and promote allergic reaction
- mast cells = sister cells in tissue, mainly responsible for allergy symptoms like sneezing and itchy eyes
22
Q
neutrophils
A
- phagocytotic and good chemotaxis ability
23
Q
monocytes - 2 special functions
A
- phagocytotic
- antigen presenting
24
Q
macrophages
A
sisters of monocytes that are located in organs and tissues
25
lymphocytes and 3 classes of cells included
- natural killer cells - part of innate/nonspecific immunity
- T cells (helper, killer, and regulatory)
- B cells that produce antibodies
26
antibody type made in response to allergies
IgG
27
atopic / atopy meaning
genetic predisposition to allergies, often runs in families although exactly what each person is allergic to my vary
28
hematopoiesis meaning
formation of blood cells
29
hematopoietic stem cell - type and 2 lineages
pluripotent, myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
30
myeloid stem cells - what can they become
RBC, WBC, and platelets
| - WBC includes monocytes/macrophages (agranular) and neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (granular)
31
lymphoid stem cells - what can they become
lymphocytes
32
leukocytosis meaning and cause
too many WBC due to infection or leukemia (cancer) if extremely high
33
leukopenia and neutropenia meaning cause
- low WBC
| - neutropenia = low neutrophils often due to chemotherapy drugs which kills stem cells
34
polycythemia meaning and cause
- high RBC due to hypoxia
| - smoking, living at high altitudes, dehydration can cause hypoxia
35
anemia meaning
- low RBC, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
36
thrombocytosis meaning and result
- too many platelets causing unnecessary clotting
37
thrombocytopenia meaning and result
- too little platelets causing extra bleeding and blood loss
38
erythropoietin - where and when made and effects
- hormone that causes RBC production - made in kidney
| - RBC made in red bone marrow
39
cytokines - what, where, and when released
- family of regulatory molecules made by immune cells when they are activated in order to activate other immune cells
40
megakaryocytes - what do they form
fragment and form platelets
41
thrombocytes - what do they do and release
aka platelets, form clots to stop bleeding
| - release serotonin causing vasoconstriction
42
erythropoiesis meaning
RBC formation
| RBC live for 4 months and iron is recycled
43
CBC - generally what does it measure
complete blood count
| - measures amount of all type of blood cells
44
band neutrophils
immature neutrophils
45
hemolytic disease - meaning and clinical symptoms in CBC
RBC die and hemolyze early
| results in high reticulocyte percentages
46
ABO blood typing antigens
A and B antigen on RBC surface, also found in nature
47
packed RBC vs. whole blood - when given?
- usually packed RBC given but whole blood given during autologous transfusion (self) and in emergency situation where technology is not available
48
autologous transfusion
- save your own blood to give to yourself later (maybe after surgery)
49
universal blood donor and recipient
- donor = O
| - recipient = AB
50
universal plasma donor and recipient
- donor = AB because plasma contains no antibodies
| - recipient = O because antibodies will never find antigens to react with
51
Rh antigen blood typing
positive = present, negative = absent
52
hemolytic disease of the new born causes and symptoms
- symptoms = low weight, jaundice, death
| - anti-Rh antibodies from Rh- mother enter blood of fetus causing lots of RBC death
53
causes of maternal exposure to fetal blood and why its dangerous
- traumatic birth, amniocentesis, umbilical cord removal, abortion and miscarriages
- dangerous because mother will develop anti-Rh antibodies and if this crosses back to Rh+ baby RBC will die
54
prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn
- give mother RhoGam =. premade anti-Rh antibodies so if blood does mix no active immune response will be stimulated
55
hemostasis meaning
blood clotting
56
3 stages of hemostasis
vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, platelet plug contraction and strengthening
57
mechanism to prevent blood clotting under normal conditions (2 main groups)
- CD93 transmembrane protein enzyme converts ADP glue to AMP so platelets don't stick to endothelial cells
- NO and prostaglandin I2 act as vasodilators
58
thrombus
blood clot formed when there is no bleeding
59
event flow after injury to tissue
injury --> collagen exposed --> von willebrand factor act as glue to hold platelets that bind to collagen --> platelet release reaction ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 released
- ADP increases stickness so other platelets sticks
- serotonin and thromboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction
60
embolus
platelet plug that breaks off and is free circulating
61
platelet release reaction - what is secreted and what do they do
once platelets bind ADP, serotonin and thromboxane released
- ADP = sticky glue
- serotonin and thromboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction
62
platelet plug contraction and strengthening
- fibrin holds RBC and platelet plug in place
63
common pathway for clotting
10 activated --> prothrombine --> thrombien --> fibrinogen --> fibrin
64
extrinsic vs intrinsic pathway stimulus
- extrinsic = tissue damage and tissue thromboplastin
| - intrinsic = collage, glass, or. other rough surface
65
clot dissolution
plasminogen activated to plasmin a protease that cuts fibrin
66
anticoagulants aka Ca2+ chelators
sodium citrate or EDTA, decreases Ca2+ which is needed for both clotting pathways
