Lecture 12 Respiratory System Flashcards
(56 cards)
2 types of respiration and meaning
- external = lungs and respiratory system
- internal = aerobic respiration
2 aspects of external respiration
- ventilation = movement of air in and out of lungs
- gas exchange = transfer of gasses between blood and air
flow of air through respiratory structures
- mouth and nose –> trachea –> bronchus –> right and left bronchus –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli
lining of upper airways vs lower airways
upper airways: psueudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that moves mucus which catches debir
- lower airways = squamous endothelial cells good for gas diffusion
alveolar cells type 1 vs type 2
- type 1 lines alveoli
- type 2 produces surfactant
respiratory / pulmonary membrane and 3 parts
- fused membrane, connective tissue
- alveolar type 1 cells
- endothelial cells lining the capillaries
ARDS - causes, treatment, and effects
- acute respiratory diseases syndrome
- inflammation and excess fluid in lungs –> reduced surface area for gas exchange
- respiratory membrane is damaged by inflammation
- increased O2 in lung will not help since gas exchange will not occur
- also caused by drowning and sepsis
2 zones of respiratory system and description
- conducting zone aka dead zone, no gas exchange
- respiratory zone, lower airways, gas exchange occurs
describe intrapleural space and structures
- parietal pleura connected to thoracic cavity
- visceral pleura attached to lungs
- serous fluid in between creates hydrogen bonds that attaches the 2 pleura
- intrapleural space is not a real space but can be filled with water/air/pus/blood
pneumothrax, hemothorax, and thoracic empyema
- pneumothorax = air
- hemothorax = blood
- thoracic empyema = pus
negative interpleural pressure
pressure in interpleural space is always negative to keep lungs from collapsing
negative vs positive pressure in lungs - when generated
- negative pressure during inhalation, air comes in
- positive pressure during exhalation, air leaves
inhalation - changes in volume and pressure
diaphragm contracts and moves down, volume increases, pressure decreases, air enters
exhalation - changes in volume and pressure
diaphragm relaxes and moves up, volume decrease, pressure increases, air moves out
transmural pressure aka transpulmonary pressure
- always positive
- think of as force that pulls lungs out and keeps them from collapsing
- intrapulmonary pressure - interpleural pressure
compliance, how measured
- how easily lungs can expand
- change in volume / change in pressure
elasticity and cause
- caused by elastin fibers in stroma (connective tissue surrounding alveoli)
- ability of lungs to recoil
surface tension effect and cause
- caused by fluid produced by alveolar cells type 1
- pulls alveoli in towards collapsing due to hydrogen bonds of the fluid
surfactant cause and effect
- produced by alveolar type 2 cells
- breaks up the hydrogen bonds of the fluid and keeps alveoli from collapsing
factors favoring elasticity
- elastin
- surface tension
factors favoring compliance
- surfactant
- intrapleural pressure
RDS cause and treatment
- respiratory distress syndrome
- in premes because surfactants are not created
until the last few weeks of gestation - CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure to keep lungs open
muscles in normal breathing
- diaphragm doing 70% of work
- parasternal and external intercostal muscle to expand chest out
forced inhalation accessory muscles
- sternocleidomastoid
- pectoralis minor
- scalene
