Lecture 2 Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

RMP range of cells

A

-65 to -85

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2
Q

RMP of neuron

A

-70

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3
Q

2 causes of RMP

A
  • fixed anions and uneven concentration of ions across cell
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4
Q

dendrites

A

receive signal and transmits it to cell body

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5
Q

axon hillock

A

part of neuron cell body where axon binds - generates the action potential

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6
Q

cell body

A

metabolic center of neuron and houses nucleus

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7
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between axon terminal and dendrites of neuron, neurotransmitters are released here

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8
Q

proprioreceptors

A

receptors in muscle or joints that sense and send information about relative body position

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9
Q

flow of neuron stimulation and action potential generation

A

Na+ LGIC opens –> Na+ depolarization wave to axon hillock –> Na+ VGIC in axon hillock opens and causes depolarization –> action potential conducts down axon

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10
Q

factors affecting amount of depolarization

A

amount of Na+ entering, how long LGIC is open, how much neurotransmitter in cleft and how long it remains

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11
Q

threshold of neuron

A

-55, after this action potential cannot be stopped

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12
Q

cause of graded potential

A

Na+ LGIC opens and Na+ comes in and causes depolarization OR Cl- LGIC opens and Cl- comes in causing hyperpolarization

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13
Q

cause of steep depolarization

A

Na+ VGIC in axon/axon hillock opens, Na+ enters

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14
Q

cause of repolarization

A

slower opening of K+ VGIC, K+ exits cells and repolarizes, Na+ VGIC also closed

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15
Q

cause of after hyperpolarization of action potential

A

hyperpolarization by K+ continually exiting cell

Na+/K+ restores RMP

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16
Q

graded potential

A

graded, 2 types EPSP and IPSP

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17
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory, graded potential, caused by LGIC for Na+ opening and depolarization

18
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory, graded potential, caused by LGIC Cl- openinng and Cl- enters cells and causes hyperpolarization

19
Q

2 ways intensity of sitmulus is encoded

A

frequency of action potential

recruitment = number of neurons that are sending action potentials

20
Q

why refractory period is important

A

otherwise action potential can go one after another and muscles in perpetual contraction = tetany, diaphragm paralyzed

21
Q

cause of absolute refractory period

A

Na+ VGIC: closed –> open –> inactive –> open, during absolute period Na+ VGIC are inactive so cant be opened

22
Q

cause of relative refractory period

A

Na+ VGIC going from inactive to closed, some can those go to open phase but also harder since K+ exiting cell caused hyperpolarization

23
Q

convergence vs divergence

A
convergence = many presynaptic --> 1 postsynaptic 
divergence = 1 presynaptic --> many postsynaptic
24
Q

spatial summation vs temporal summation

A
spatial = multiple presynaptic synapse at different location generate EPSP to 1 postsynaptic and they build up to reach threshold 
temporal = 1 presynaptic generates many EPSP close together and it builds up
25
EPSP vs action potential
EPSP = graded, stimulated by Na+ through LGIC, max depolarizaiton = 0, summation, no refractory period action potential = not graded (all or nothing), stimulated b Na+ through VGIC, max depolarization = +40, refractory period
26
CNS vs PNS
``` CNS = brain and spine PNS = everything else ```
27
glial cells
support cells - umbrella term for many cells
28
nucleus vs ganglion
``` nucleus = cell bodies in CNS ganglion = cell bodies in PNS ```
29
tract vs nerve
``` tract = axons in CNS nerve = axons in PNS ```
30
sensory neuron
sensory receptor --> brain
31
somatic motor neuron
brain --> skeletal muscle, voluntary movement
32
LMN and UMN
lower motor neuron: body in CNS and axon goes to sketal muscle upper motor neuron - an internneuron - brain to LMN
33
interneuron aka associatoin neuron
completely in CNS
34
autonomic motor neuron
CNS --> innervates organs, glands, smooth muscles
35
myelination of CNS vs PNS
``` CNS = oligodendrocytes, wraps around multiple axons PNS = schwann cells, wraps around 1 axon ```
36
microglia
phagocytotic cells - like macrophages
37
astrocytes
support / caretaker cells for neurons, dilates blood vessel so more nutrients arrive,
38
2 factors affecting conduction speed
myelination and large diameter increases conduction rate
39
SNARE complex
protein complex that docks vesicle with neurotransmitter to the side of plasma membrane preventing it from randomly releasing neurotransmitter, activated by Ca2+ synaptotagmin
40
synaptotagmin
protein that is able to change conformation SNARE if Ca2+ activates it
41
flow of neurotransmitter release
Ca2+ VGIC opens --> Ca2+ enters cell --> binds to synaptotagmin --> complex causes SNARE to release vesicle with neurotransmitter
42
acetylcholinesterase
breaks down ACh to acetate and choline which is taken back up by presynaptic neuron to be reused, prevents ACh from staying in synaptic cleft and overstimulating