Lecture 5 CNS

Question 1

grooves vs elevated fold names

Answer 1

grooves = sulcus, elevated fold = gyrus

Question 2

list 5 cerebrum lobes

Answer 2

temporal, occipital, parietal, frontal, insula

Question 3

temporal lobe function

Answer 3

auditory centers, combines information from cochlea with visual information

Question 4

occipital lobe function

Answer 4

vision and eye movement

Question 5

insula function

Answer 5

processes sensory info like (perception, self awareness, pain, temperature) and causes autonomic responses

Question 6

corpus collosum

Answer 6

tract (bundle of axons) that connects left and right hemispheres on the cerebrum

Question 7

central sulcus location

Answer 7

between parietal and frontal lob

Question 8

postcentral gyrus

Answer 8

somatosensory cortex, sensory information from periphery processed here

Question 9

precentral gyrus

Answer 9

motor cortex, sends motor movement commadns to various body parts

Question 10

4 functional regions of the brain

Answer 10

• precentral gyrus
• postcentral gyrus
• Broca’s area
• Wernicke’s area

Question 11

anatomical methods of visualizing brain

Answer 11

CT - uses xrays

MRI using magnets and protons

Question 12

metabolic/functional methods of visualizing brain

Answer 12

fMRI and PET (detect blood flow and glucose ussage)

Question 13

aphasia

Answer 13

inability to use language due to abnormality ini the brain

Question 14

dysarthria

Answer 14

inability to produce language due to muscle abnormality

Question 15

Wernicke function and location

Answer 15

parietal lobe, processes adds meaning to words and spoken, written, or sign language

Question 16

name of aphasia due to Wernicke damage and symptoms

Answer 16

sensory / wernicke aphasia = word salad, gibberish, language does not make sense since words cannot be assigned meanings

Question 17

Brocas area function and location

Answer 17

frontal lobe, places words in the right order, correct syntax and grammar

Question 18

name of aphasia due to Broca’s and symptoms

Answer 18

motor / Broca’s aphasia - speech makes sense but syntax and grammar are incorrect

Question 19

path of speech production

Answer 19

thoughts in frontal crotex –> Wernickes to find the correct words –> Broca create full sentences with correct grammar and syntax –> precentral gyrus sends motor commands to vocal muscles

Question 20

arcuate fasculus

Answer 20

connects Wernicke –> Broca

Question 21

limbic system, alternate name and function

Answer 21

rhinecephalon = smell brain

- emotions! all primitive emotions, little connections to cerebral cortex explaining why its hard to control emotions

Question 22

amensia

Answer 22

loss in memory

Question 23

retrograde vs anterograde amensia

Answer 23

retrograde = cant remember things in the distant past (years ago) 
anterograde = cant remember recent things (name of someone you just met)

Question 24

declarative vs nondeclaratiev amnesia

Answer 24

• declarative = can say it out loud

- nondeclarative = an action (like typing your shoe)

Question 25

prefrontal cortex role in memory

Answer 25

location of short term memory

Question 26

hippocampus role in memory

Answer 26

consolidates memory

Question 27

memory consolidation

Answer 27

short term memory --> long term memory

Question 28

2 types of declarative memory

Answer 28

semantic = facts, episodic = events

Question 29

3 major parts of brain for memory

Answer 29

hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, amygdala

Question 30

emotion effect on memory formation

Answer 30

can make memory stronger or repressed (traumatic memories can be well remembered or repressed)

Question 31

stress effect on memory formation

Answer 31

fear related experiences are memorized by amygdala, other memories in hippocampus are harder to retrieve and form, hippocampus and amygdala have receptors for cortisol

Question 32

PTSD and affect on brain/memory formation

Answer 32

hippocampus atrophy

Question 33

long term potentiation

Answer 33

long term physical changes in the brain

Question 34

reverberating / recurrent circuits

Answer 34

part of short term/working memory, circuit of neurons continuously fired to keep piece of information in the mind but once disrupted information is lost

Question 35

2 glutamate receptors

Answer 35

NDMA and AMPA

Question 36

NMDA ligands and how voltage is generated

Answer 36

glutamate and glycine/serine, AMPA opens and Na+ enters causing depolarization

Question 37

synaptic changes in LTP flow

Answer 37

glutamate binds to AMPA --> AMPA opens and Na+ enters causing depolarization --> glutamate, voltage, and glycine/serine cause Mg+ blocking NMDA to be removed --> Ca2+ and Na+ enters --> Ca2+ calmodulin complex forms --> Ca2+ calmodulin dependent kinase activated --> AMPA receptors added --> increased sensitivity to glutamate AND - kinase --> CREB transcription factor activated --> dendritic growth

Question 38

NO function

Answer 38

presynaptic NT, releasedby postsynaptic and gas freely enters neuron and causes more glutamate to be released

Question 39

3 factors explaining how stimulating a synapse frequently increases excitability

Answer 39

- more AMPA receptors - dendritic growth - NO increases glutamate released

Question 40

endocannabinoid function

Answer 40

- GABA inhibits presynaptic neuron | - endocannabinoids inhibit GABA

Question 41

exogenous cannabinoids

Answer 41

- may improve learning at low doses both otherwise impairs learning

Question 42

neural stem cells location

Answer 42

- hippocampsu

Question 43

neurogenesis and function

Answer 43

formation of new neurons, may be part of learning

Question 44

2 factors that help and 2 that inhibit learning

Answer 44

- exercise and exposure to a variety of stimulus at a young age - age and stress

Question 45

agnosia vs apraxia

Answer 45

- agnosia = cant recognize face | - apraxia = cant recall how to do things

Question 46

2 characteristics of alzhimers

Answer 46

beta amyloid plaques (extracellular) and neurofibrilary tangles (intracellular)

Question 47

what type of neurons are lost in alzheimers and where

Answer 47

cholinergic fibers in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex

Question 48

beta amyloid plaques aka senile plaques formation

Answer 48

APP (amyloid precursor protein) a normal transmembrane protein --> normally cleaved --> beta-amyloid fragment aggregates and causes plaques - senile plaques are found in old people but are more abundant in those with alzhiemers

Question 49

Tau protein and neurofibrilary tangle normal function and formation

Answer 49

- tau protein normally supports microtubules which provide structures for intracellular transport - tau aggregates and causes tangles, microtubules are weakened

Question 50

3 factors increasing risk of alzhiemers

Answer 50

- mitochondrial oxidative stress --> apoptosis - excitotoxicity --> apoptosis - APOE4 allele

Question 51

2 treatment for alzhiemers

Answer 51

- glutamate antagonist to prevent excitotoxicity | - AchE inhibitor so Ach increased in synaptic clef

Question 52

dementia definition

Answer 52

- permanent and progressive cognitive decline | - alzhiemers is the most common type of dementia

Question 53

thalamus

Answer 53

sensory relay center (except for smell) amplifies information and sends to cortex

Question 54

RAS primary function

Answer 54

awareness /alertness

Question 55

arousal/wakefulness

Answer 55

- aware of oneself and surroundings | - RAS is active, sensory information traveling up through spine --> brain stem --> cortex

Question 56

caffeine and benadryl affect on RAS

Answer 56

caffeine activates RAS, benadryl inhibits RAS

Question 57

hypothalamus main fucntion

Answer 57

maintains homeostasis by regulating the autonomic nervous system - all things essential for life like (hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep, emotions, endocrine system) - headquarters of the brain!