Lecture 3

Question 1

endogenous vs exogenous

Answer 1

endogenous = made in the body (Ach) 
exogenous = made outside the body (nicotine and muscarine)

Question 2

acetylcholine neuron/receptor name

Answer 2

cholinergic neuron and receptor

Question 3

epinephrine neuron/receptor name

Answer 3

adrenergic neuron and receptor

Question 4

dopamine neuron/receptor name

Answer 4

dopaminergic neuron, D1, D2 … receptor

Question 5

serotonin neuron/receptor name

Answer 5

serotonergic neuron, 5HT receptor

Question 6

glycine neuron/receptor name

Answer 6

glycinergic neuron and receptor

Question 7

GABA neuron/receptor name

Answer 7

GABAinergic neuron and GABA receptors

Question 8

glutamate neuron/receptor name

Answer 8

glutamergic neuron, NMDA and AMPA receptors

Question 9

acetylcholinesterase

Answer 9

on postsynaptic neuron, breaks down Ach to be reused in presynaptic neuron

Question 10

where Ach used and where excitatory/inhibitory

Answer 10

excitatory = somatic motor neuron, autonomic motor neuron, CNS  
inhibitory = autonomic motor neuron

Question 11

nicotinic receptors - mechanism, naming, where found

Answer 11

nonspecific LGIC but inward flow of Na+ dominates because down electrical and concentration gradient vs K+ going down concentration but against electrical , always excitatory, found in autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle

Question 12

muscarinic receptors - mechanism

Answer 12

GPCR, based on G protein type and channel that is open or closed effect may be different

Question 13

M3/M5 - location, mechanism, effect

Answer 13

GI, smooth muscle, gland Ca2+ channel opens and muscle contraction

Question 14

M2 - location, mechanism, effect

Answer 14

heart, K+ channel opens causing hyperpolarization, inhibition of intrinsic heart rate

Question 15

botulinum toxin - effect and mechanism

Answer 15

flaccid paralysis, SNARE complex frozen and cant change conformation, no Ach released

Question 16

curare - effect and mechanism

Answer 16

nicotinic antagonist, flaccid paralysis

Question 17

A-bungarotoxin

Answer 17

nicotinic and muscarinic antagonist

Question 18

saxitoxin

Answer 18

blocks Na+ VGIC so no action potential generated

Question 19

tetrodotoxin

Answer 19

blocks Na+ VGIC so no action potential generated

Question 20

strychnine

Answer 20

blocks glycine receptor (so no inhibition)

Question 21

spastic vs flaccid paralysis

Answer 21

spastic = eternally contracted because too much Ach vs flaccid = no contraction at all because no Ach

Question 22

GABA and glycine location

Answer 22

GABA = brain
glycine = spine
both inhibition by Cl-

Question 23

ex of glycine in UMN and LMN

Answer 23

UMN –> releases glycine –> inhibition of Ach release by LMN –> no skeletal muscle stimulation

Question 24

monoamines - list them

Answer 24

• catelochamines = tyrosine –> dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
• tryptophan –> serotonin
• histidine –> histamine

Question 25

presynaptic reuptake receptors

Answer 25

on presynaptic neuron, takes up NT so it doesnt remain in synaptic cleft and cause over stimulation

Question 26

monoamine oxidase MAO

Answer 26

found in presynaptic neuron, breaks down NT

Question 27

MAO inhibitors

Answer 27

prevents MAO from breaking down NT so more NT in synaptic cleft

Question 28

MAO receptor mechanisms

Answer 28

mostly LGIC but sometimes GCPR with cAMP secondary messenger

Question 29

GPCR with cAMP

Answer 29

NT --> receptor --> G protein dissociation --> adenylate cyclase --> ATP to cAMP --> protein kinase activated --> other proteins phosphorylated

Question 30

serotonin - function and where found

Answer 30

found raphe nuclei, role in mood, cerebral circulation, behavior, appetite, libido

Question 31

SSRI - mechanism and uses

Answer 31

serotonin reuptake inhibitor, increases amount of serotonin by preventing reuptake, treats depression, anxiety, migraine

Question 32

nigrostriatal system - function, start and end, relation to parkinsons

Answer 32

- initiate movemetn adn complex coordinated movement - death of neurons in this system causes Parkinsons - substantial nigra to corpus striatum

Question 33

mesolimbic dopamine system - start and end (many), relation to schizophrenia and Parkinsonian side effects

Answer 33

- VTA --> nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, frontal cortex - schizophrenia = overactive mesolimbic system, hallunciatiosn - treated by decreasing dopamine which affects nigrostrial and causes Parkinsonian side effect

Question 34

VTA receptors and relation to drugs

Answer 34

VTA receptors for Ach and GABA, means can be stimulated by nictoine, opiods, cannabinoids etc and explains addiction from drugs

Question 35

cocaine and amphetamines

Answer 35

neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors - cocaine triple reuptake inhibitor of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, amphetamine on reputake inhibitor of norepinephrine

Question 36

glutamate - receptors and effect

Answer 36

NMDA, AMPA, excitatory

Question 37

NO effects

Answer 37

smooth muscle relaxation and blood vessel dilation (due to relaxation)