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Physiology > Lecture 4 ANS > Flashcards

Lecture 4 ANS Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

somatic vs autonomic neuron architecture

A
  • somatic: UMN = interneuron in spine and LMN from spine to skeletal muscle - can be very long
  • autonomic: preganglionic living in spine synapses with postganglionic in ganglion and innervates organ
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2
Q

varicosities

A

swellings in postganglionic that release NT along axon

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3
Q

denervation meaning and causes

A
  • cutting of neuron either physically or chemically
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4
Q

denervation hypersensitivity

A
  • autonomic organs often more active if they are denervated

- ex: heart and GI are more active

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5
Q

denervation effect on somatic vs autonomic nervous system

A
  • somatic: no muscle contraction, flaccidity, and muscular atrophy
  • autonomic: increased activity (heart rate increases to intrinsic rate)
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6
Q

somatic vs autonomic neurotransmitters onto effectors

A
  • somatic: Ach onto nicotinic receptors and always excitatory
  • autonomic Ach or Norepi onto effector organs and excitatory/inhibitory
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7
Q

sympathetic alternate names and reasoning

A

fight or flight or thoraciccolumbar because comes from T1-T2 and L1-L2 (lumbar0

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8
Q

parasympathetic alternate names and reasoniing

A

rest and digest or carniosacral division, nerves come from midbrain/brainstem/medulla and lower spine

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9
Q

sympathetic chain of paravertebral ganglia

A

2 chains of sympathetic ganglia running parallel to spine - pre and postganglionic enter and exit

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10
Q

collateral ganglion

A

sympathetic ganglion scattered throughout the abdominal and pelvic cavity

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11
Q

mass activation meaning and 3 factors

A
  • sympathetic system activates many organs and effects all at once (master switch) increased heart rate, pupil dilation, increased blood pressure etc
  • convergence, divergence, and sympathoadrenal system
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12
Q

divergence

A
  • 1 preganglionic –> many postganglionic –> separate effector organs
  • allows for mass activation
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13
Q

convergence

A
  • many preganglionic –> 1 postganglionc

- allows for summation

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14
Q

sympathoadrenal system

A
  • adrenal gland only innervated by sympathetic system

- release epi 85% and norepi 15% into blood stream where it binds to all adrenergic receptors causing mass activation

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15
Q

adrenal medulla and how its like a neuron

A
  • adrenal gland = postganglionic lost axons so just release NT/hormone into blood strem
  • explains why adrenal gland only innervated by a preganglionic - it itself is the postganglionic!
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16
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A
  • epi 85% and norepi 15%
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17
Q

2 locations where sympathetic preganglionics synapse

A

1) sympathetic chain of paravertebral ganglia

2) collateral ganglia

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18
Q

list 4 parasympathetic cranial nerves, number, and general effector organ

A
  • cranial 3 oculomotor = eyes
  • cranial 7 facial
  • cranial 9 glossopharyngeal
  • cranial 10 vagus nerve, all organs
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19
Q

cranial nerve 3 name, origin, ganglia, effector organ

A

oculomotor

midbrain –> ciliary ganglion –> circular smooth muscle in eye and ciliary body

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20
Q

cranial nerve 7 name, origin, ganglia, effector organ

A

Facial nerve: pons –> pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia –> lacrimal (tear), mucous, and salivary glands

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21
Q

cranial nerve 9 name, origin, ganglia, effector organ

A

glossopharyngeal nerve: medulla oblongata –> otic ganglion –> parotid gland (salivary)

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22
Q

cranial nerve 10 name, origin, ganglia, effector organ

A

vagus nerve: medulla oblongata –> terminal ganglia in or near organ –> all organs in abdominal cavity

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23
Q

pelvic spinal nerves origin, ganglia, effector organ

A

S2-S4 –> terminal ganglia –> lower half of large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive tract

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24
Q

2 sets of muscles in pupil and which type of pupil movement

A
  • circular smooth muscle, parasympathetic, contraction = constriction of pupil
  • radial smooth muscle, sympathetic, contraction = dilation
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25
circular smooth muscle in pupil - receptor, branch of ANS, stimulation type
muscarinic receptors, parasympathetic, contraction = pupillary constriction
26
radial smooth muscle - branch of ANS, stimulation type
sympathetic, contraction = pupillary dilation
27
dual innervation and 2 examples
- most organs are innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves - ex: heart, to increase and decrease rate from the intrinsic rate - ex: GI tract, parasympathetic increases activity and sympathetic decreases activity
28
exceptions to dual innervation and 4 main examples
- only innervated by sympathetic or parasymapthetic not both 1) radial and circular smooth muscle of the eye 2) sweat glands - sympathetic 3) arrector pilli of skin - sympathetic 4) blood vessels - sympathetic 5) adrenal gland - sympathetic
29
vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle - explain how this is an exception
- Ach NOT norepi released onto muscarinic vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle causing inhibition, vasodilation, and increased blood flow - epi from adrenal gland binds to B2 receptors and also vasodilates
30
blood shunting
- vasoconstriction in one area makes more blood available to organs where vasodilation is occurring
31
adrenergic receptor 1 vs 2
``` 1 = excitatory 2 = inhibitory ```
32
alpha adrenergic receptros
- prefer norepi | - Ca2+ secondary messenger
33
beta adrenergic receptors
- prefer epi | - cAMP secondary messenger
34
alpha 1 - location and effect
- excitatory | - GI and skin vascular smooth muscle, sphincters, pupil
35
alpha 2 - location and effect
- inhibitory | - GI tract and brain (negative feedback)
36
beta 1 - location and effect
- excitatory | - heart ONLY
37
beta 2 - location and effect
- inhibitory | - bronchioles, vascular smooth muscle of skeletal tissue, GI tract wall, bladder
38
net effect of sympathetic on blood pressure
- vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle to skeletal muscle - vasoconstriction everywhere else (especially skin and IG) - net effect = increased blood pressure
39
explain how alpha 2 is used in negative feedback
- in brain - presynaptic to preganglionic --> preganglionic --> postganglionic - A2 receptors on presynaptic to preganglionic allow inhibition by blood borne epi - overall inhibition of sympathetic system, makes sure it doesnt go overboard
40
effect of A2 agonist drugs
- A2 agonist = inhibits symapthetic system - decreases blood pressure and heart rate
41
antagonistic effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic and 2 examples
- antagonistic = para/sympa effects are often opposite of each other - ex: heart rate and GI
42
cooperative effects
- both branches needed for proper functioning - sympathetic releases sphincters and parasympathetic contracts bladder muscle - parasympathetic for erection and sympathetic for ejaculation
43
complementary effects
- effects are similar but not necessary | - ex: parasympathetic activates salivary gladns and sympathetic constricts blood vesses making saliva thicker
44
atropine and clinical application
- muscarinic antagonist - M2 on heart inhibits intrinsic rate so atropine increases heart rate - to increase heart rate: use atropine to decrease parasympathetic first then use a drug that mimics sympathetic
45
NO effects and example
smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation | ex: NO causes erection
46
pupillary dilation - receptor type
- contraction and excitation of radial smooth muscle | - A1 (B1 only in heart)
47
heart
- increased heart rate, excitatory B1
48
GI and skin vascular smooth muscle constrict
- constriction = contraction of muscle excitatory | - A1 (B1 only in heart)
49
skeletal muscle vascular smooth muscle
- dilation = inhibition - Ach released onto inhibitory muscarinic - epi/norepi from adrenal gland binds to B2
50
bronchioles
- dilation to get more air - inhibitory - B2 (A2 only for GI secretion and brain negative feedback)
51
GI tract wall
- relaxation, inhibition | - B2 (A2 for brain and GI secretion)
52
sphincters
- contraction, excitatory | - A1 (B1 only in the heart)
53
GI secretion
- inhibitory | - A2 (GI secretion and brain only)
54
bladder
- inhibitory (recall contraction = peeing) | - B2 (A2 in brain and GI secretion only)
55
thermoregulatory glands
- excitatory - EXCEPTION - Ach onto excitatory muscarinic receptors
56
A1 agonist drug
- causes constriction | - ex: treatment for nasal congestion, vasoconstriction decreases swelling (but also raises blood pressure)
57
A2 agonist drug
- recall: brain and GI | - agonist inhibits sympathetic system
58
B1 agonist drug
- recall: excitatory in heart | - increases heart rate
59
B1 antagonist drug
- decreases heart rate
60
B2 agonist drug
- inhibitory to bronchioles | - bronchiole dilation to treat asthma and COPD

Physiology (25 decks)

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