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Physiology > Lecture 6 Endocrine Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Endocrine Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what structure is the ANS controlled by

A

medulla oblongata

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2
Q

explain how the ANS is controlled by higher brain centers

A

sensory information from periphery –> main parts of the brain including hypothalamus –> send information to medulla oblongata –> synapses with preganglionic ANS neurons and modifies behavior

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3
Q

give an example of how higher brain centers regulate the ANS

A

seeing something scary –> increased heart rate

listening calming music –> decreased heart rate

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4
Q

explain how chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are autonomic reflexes (where are they found, what they respond to and how)

A

chemoreceptors in aorta –> detect rise in CO2 and fall in O2 –> information sent to medulla oblongata –> heart rate and breathing increased, blood vessel constriction

baroreceptors in aorta detect fall in blood pressure –> information sent to medulla oblongata –> increased heart rate to raise blood pressure

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5
Q

2 parts of pituitary gland and alternate name

A

anterior pituitary = adenohyophysis

posterior = neurohypophysis

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6
Q

posterior pituitary hormones released

A

ADH and oxytocin

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7
Q

name of tract that transports posterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamo-hypohyseal tract (axon bundle)

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8
Q

name of part that produces posterior pituitary hormones

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus (cell bodies) make and package ADH and oxytocin in vesicles –> sent down hypothalamo-hypohyseal tract to posterior pituitary

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9
Q

neurohormones

A

made in brain but secreted as hormones in the blood

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10
Q

ADH - when is it released and what are the three effects

A

high blood osmolality, low blood volume and blood pressure –> 1) kidneys reabsorb water and excretet K+, 2) sense of thirst created 3) sweat glands inhibited to conserve water

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11
Q

why ADH is called vasopressin

A
  • at high concentration directly causes vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure
  • at low concentration indirectly increases blood pressure
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12
Q

oxytocin 3 main functions (just list them)

A

1) milk ejection
2) labor
3) bonding

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13
Q

oxytocin role in labor

A

oxytocin –> uterine contraction –> sensory information sent to brain –> more oxytocin
- after birth no more sensory information sent and positive feedback stops

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14
Q

oxytocin role in milk ejection

A
  • stimulates milk ejection in mammary glands
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15
Q

oxytocin role in bonding

A

physical contact between adults, caregivers and babies, humans and animals releases oxytocin aka love hormone and helps with bonding

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16
Q

portal meaning

A

portal = vessel that goes from primary to secondary capillary system

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17
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

goes from capillaries in GI to capillaries in liver

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18
Q

anterior pituitary transports system name and why

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
- goes from primary capillaries in hypothalamus to secondary capillaries in anterior pituitary and brings inhibiting/releasing hormones

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19
Q

what are anterior pituitary releasing and inhibiting hormones

A
  • created by hypothalamus and sent to anterior pituitary, causes release or inhibition of release of trophic hormones from anterior pituitary
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20
Q

list the 6 releasing/inhibitory hormones

A
  • TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
  • somatostatin
  • PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone
  • GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone
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21
Q

explain hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • GnRH from hypothalamus –> FSH and LH from anterior pituitary –> ovaries that release estrogen and progesterone
22
Q

FSH effects

Study These Flashcards
A
  • women: follicles grow, estrogen production

- men: sperm production

23
Q

LH effects

Study These Flashcards
A
  • women: ovulation

- men: testosterone production from interstitial cells of Leydig

24
Q

hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis

Study These Flashcards
A

hypothalamus and TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone –> anterior pituitary releases TSH thyroid stimulating hormone –> T3/T4 released from thyroid

25
hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
stress --> higher brain centers --> hypothalamus secretes CRH --> anterior pituitary secretes ACTH t--> adrenal cortex releases cortisol
26
trophic hormone meaning and result of too little / too much
trophic = nourishes a gland - too much = hypertrophy (increase in size) and hyperplasia (increase in number of cells) - too little = atrophy of gland
27
list 6 trophic hormones
- FSH - LH - prolactin - growth hormone - ACTH - TSH
28
which 2 trophic hormones dont use negative feedback?
growth hormone and prolactin
29
explain generally how negative feedback works
hormones produced at the end of the axis inhibit hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormones from being released
30
effect of taking birth control / hormone replacements drugs
exogenous estrogen and progesterone --> negative feedback --> less FSH, LH (and GnRH)
31
affect of menopause
menopause --> no more follicle creating estrogen --> increase in FSH and LH (and GnRH)
32
prolactin pathway
hypothalamus releases PIH --> inhibition of prolactin release from anterior pituitary --> inhibition of milk production in mammary glands
33
prolactin secreting adenoma effects
cancer in anterior pituitary that secretes lots of prolactin --> inappropriate milk production in men, women and kids called galactorrhea
34
iodine deficiency effect on thyroid axis
iodine deficiency --> thyroid cannot produce T3 and T4 = primary hypothyroidism
35
primary hypothyroidism
problem in the thyroid gland
36
primary hyperthyroidism - alternate name, cause, and effect | - TSI!
autoimmune disease, antibodies that are TSH agonist are created called thyroid stimulating immunoglobins (TSI) --> mimic TSH --> lots of T3/T4 released and thyroid gets larger --> less TSH and TRH
37
TSH secreting adenoma of the anterior pituitary - effect and type of hyperthyroidism
increased TSH --> thyroid produces lots of T3/T4 and grow | - secondary because problem with pituitary
38
- list adrenal and ovarian axis | - why can they effect each other
CRH --> ACTH --> cortisol GnRH --> FSH and LH --> estrogen and progesterone - cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone are all steroids and at high concentrations can bind each others receptors
39
stress in serious athletes and name of 2 resulting diseases
cortisol binds mimics estrogen and progesterone --> inhibits FSH and LH secretion --> oligomenorrhea (irregular period) and amenorrhea (no period)
40
2 parts of adrenal gland
- adrenal medulla, releases epi and norepi as part of sympathoadrenal gland - adrenal cortex
41
what does zona glomerulosa produce
cholesterol --> aldosterone a mineralcorticoid
42
what does zona fasciculata produce
cholesterol --> glucocorticoid (cortisol and corticosterone)
43
what does zona reticularis produce
cholesterol --> DHEA --> androgens
44
mineralocorticoid meaning
oid = steroid, cortico = from adrenal cortex, mineral = role in electrolyte balance
45
aldosterone effect adn comparison to ADH
aldosterone = Na+ and water reabsorption and K+ excretion, no change in blood osmolality --> increase blood volume and pressure - stimulate by hyperkalemia
46
glucocorticoid meaning
- stimulates production of glucose in blood | - look at info about cortisol
47
explain hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
stress --> higher brain centers --> hypothalamus -- CRH --> ACTH --> cortisol
48
cortisol effects (lots of them!
- gluconeogensis and glyogenlysis - insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and fat cells (insulin receptors removed so glucose utilization in the periphery is decreased) - fat accumulation in abdominal region - muscle break down - immune system and inflammation decreased - suppresses bone formation leading to osteoporosis
49
ptocin
exogenous oxytocin, given when cervical dilation but no uterine contraction
50
explain how breast feeding a twin born first helps the delivery of the second one
breast feeding --> increased oxytocin --> uterine contraction --> second baby delivered

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