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MSA II > LAB II FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

LAB II FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

typical vs. atypical C-spine vertebrae

A

TYPICAL: C3, C4, C5, C6
ATYPICAL: C1, C2, C7

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2
Q

which C-spine vertebrae are bifid and which are not

A

C2 = bifid
C7 = not bifid

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3
Q

C1 (atlas) divided into 3 sections

A

anterior arch
lateral mass
posterior arch

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4
Q

what is atypical about C7?

A

elongated SP
not bifid

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5
Q

ligaments of spine (order)

A

ALL
PLL
ligamentum flavum
interspinous
supraspinous

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6
Q

tectorial membrane

A

turns into PLL after C2

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7
Q

cruciate / cruciform / transverse ligament

A

holds the dense of C2 against C1
creates pivot

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8
Q

COUPLED MOTIONS

A

rotation & lateral flexion always together except at C1/C2
C2-T5: ipsilateral side
T6-L5: contralateral side

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9
Q

muscle testing deep neck flexors (longus coli)

A

patient: supine, elbows bent, hands overhead
test: flex C-spine by lifting head off table, chin depressed
pressure: against forehead in posterior direction

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10
Q

muscle testing SCM

A

patient: supine, elbows bent, hands beside head
fixation: firm downward pressure on thorax
test: anterolateral neck flexion
pressure: against temporal region of head in obliquely posterior direction

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11
Q

function of suboccipital muscles

A

maintain postural stabilization of head

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12
Q

COSTAL CARTILAGE

A

-smooth, elastic resilient CT, connects ribs to sternum
-made of cartilage cells in a glycoprotein matrix strengthened by collagen
-contributes to elasticity in walls of thorax allowing chest to expand & retract during breathing

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13
Q

landmarks of the sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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14
Q

where is the infrasternal angle?

A

at xiphoid process
(xiphisternal joint)

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15
Q

muscle layers

A

layer 1 (most superficial): traps, lats
layer 2: levator scap, rhomboid major & minor
layer 3: serratus posterior superior & inferior
layer 4: splenius capitis & cervicis
layer 5: erector spinae group
layer 6: transversospinalis group

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16
Q

serratus posterior superior

A

O: SP C7-T3
I: ribs 2-5 on superior external border
A: expands chest, elevates ribs
N: ventral rami

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17
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A

O: SP T11 - L3
I: lower 4 ribs
A: draws ribs backward & downward
N: ventral rami

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18
Q

muscle testing posterior lateral neck extensors (group test)

A

Patient: prone, hands clasped behind head
Fixation: examiner stabilizes legs firmly on table
Test: trunk extension to full range
Pressure: gravity

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19
Q

erector spinae actions

A

BILATERAL: extension
UNILATERAL: lateral flexion

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20
Q

spinalis & semispinalis actions

A

BILATERAL: extension
UNIALTERAL: contralateral rotation

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21
Q

which muscle attaches on the mamillary process?

A

MULTIFIDUS LUMBORUM
O: mamillary process L1-L5

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22
Q

RIBS (true, false, floating)

A

TRUE (vertebrosternal): ribs 1-7
FALSE (vertebrochondral): ribs 8-10
FLOATING (vertebral): ribs 11 &12

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23
Q

atypical vs. typical ribs

A

TYPICAL: 3-9
ATYPICAL: 1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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24
Q

muscle attachments on 1st & 2nd ribs

A

1st rib: anterior & middle scalenes, subclavius
2nd rib: posterior scalenes

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25
Q

SUBCLAVIUS

A

O: 1st rib (junction of costal cartilage)
I: middle ⅓ of clavicle
A: assist in stabilization of clavicle & depresses clavicle
N: nerve to subclavius

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26
Q

function of intercostal muscles

A

aid in posture & respiration
*ALL innervated by intercostal nerves

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27
Q

external intercostals

A

O: lower border of ribs
I: upper border of ribs below
A: elevates ribs in inspiration, supports intercostals in inspiration & expiration
N: intercostal nerves
Fibers travel inferior & medial

28
Q

internal intercostals

A

O: inner surface of ribs & costal cartilages
I: upper borders of adjacent ribs below
A: prevents pushing out / drawing in of intercostal spaces in inspiration & expiration, lowers ribs in forced expiration
N: intercostal nerves
Fibers travel inferior & lateral

29
Q

innermost intercostals

A

O: lower border of ribs
I: upper border of ribs below
A: elevates ribs
N: intercostal nerves
Fibers travel inferior & lateral

30
Q

typical vs. atypical lumbar spine

A

TYPICAL: L1-L4 (mammillary proces)
ATYPICAL: L5

31
Q

what is atypical about L5?

A

Transitional
Body = largest
TVP = thick & short
SP short with rounded tip

32
Q

where spinal cord ends & what it turns into

A

ends at L1/L2
becomes CAUDA EQUINA

33
Q

linea alba

A

“White line”
Fibrous structure of CT → runs down midline of abdomen from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

34
Q

external oblique

A

O: external surface ribs 5-12
I: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half iliac crest
A: bilateral – flexion
A: unilateral – lateral flexion, contralateral rotation of trunk, compression & stabilization of abdomen
N: intercostal nerves

35
Q

internal oblique

A

O: anterior & middle ⅓ iliac crest, lateral ⅔ inguinal ligament
I: inferior borders ribs 10-12, linea alba, crest pubis
A: bilateral – flexion
A: unilateral – lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation of trunk, compression & stabilization of abdomen, depress thorax, assist in respiration
N: intercostal nerves

36
Q

transverse abdominis

A

O: internal surfaces costal cartilages 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, anterior ¾ iliac crest, lateral ⅓ inguinal ligament
I: linea alba with abdominal aponeurosis, pubic crest, pectineal line
A: acts like girdle, compression & stabilization of abdomen
N: intercostal nerves

37
Q

rectus abdominis

A

O: pubic crest & pubic symphysis
I: costal cartilage ribs 5-7 & xiphoid process
A: flex trunk, posterior pelvic tilt, compression & stabilization abdomen
N: intercostal nerves

38
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

O: iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest
I: inferior border 12 rib, TVP L1-L4
A: unilateral – elevate pelvis, lateral flexion of trunk, depress 12th rib
A: bilateral – extend lumbosacral spine
N: lumbar plexus

39
Q

which muscle depresses ribs 9-12?

A

SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR

40
Q

structure of spinal discs

A

Cervical disc – thicker anteriorly
Thoracic discs – equal thickness
Lumbar discs – thicker anteriorly

41
Q

articular surfaces in lumbar spine

A

L5 = last intervertebral disc & facet articulation with sacrum
Superior articular facet

42
Q

OS COXAE

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

43
Q

joints of lumbar spine

A

Facet joints
Intervertebral joints

-lumbar spine EXTENSION coupled with SACRAL NUTATION
-lumbar spine FLEXION coupled with SACRAL COUNTERNUTATION

44
Q

movement occurring at SI joint

A

Gliding (slight), nutation & counternutation

45
Q

NUTATION

A

Base of sacrum moves inferiorly & anteriorly
Enlarges pelvic outlet
Ischial tuberosities move apart
Pubic symphysis approximates
Iliac crests approximate
PSIS separates
ASIS flares in

46
Q

COUNTERNUTATION

A

Base of sacrum moves superiorly & posteriorly
Enlarges pelvic inlet
Ischial tuberosities approximate
Pubic symphysis separates
Iliac crests separate
PSIS approximates
ASIS flares out

47
Q

pubic ligaments

A

Superior pubic ligament
Inferior pubic ligament (arcuate pubic ligament)

48
Q

diaphragm

A

O: sternal part: two slips from dorsum of xiphoid process
O: costal part: lower 6 ribs & their costal cartilage
O: lumbar part: bodies upper lumbar vertebrae
I: into central tendon (aponeurosis)
A: separates thoracic & abdominal cavities, contracts during inspiration (dome descends), relaxes during expiration (dome ascends)
N: Phrenic nerve

49
Q

External rotators of HIP - insertions

A

Gluteus maximus: gluteal tuberosity, IT band
Gluteus medius: greater trochanter
Piriformis: greater trochanter
Superior gemellus: greater trochanter
Inferior gemellus: greater trochanter
Obturator internus: greater trochanter
Obturator externus: trochanteric fossa
Quadratus femoris: quadrate line

50
Q

Hip flexors – psoas group – unilateral vs. bilateral

A

*prime mover for hip flexion
Psoas Major: flexion & lateral rotation of hip, flexion & lateral flexion of trunk, anterior pelvic tilt
Psoas Minor: flexion of pelvis on lumbar spine
Iliacus: flex & laterally rotate hip, anterior pelvic tilt

51
Q

Closed vs. open chain for hip flexors

A

OPEN (kicking a ball)
Flexion: tibia rolls & glides glides posterior on femur
Extension: tibia rolls & glides anterior on femur
CLOSED (squat)
Flexion: femur rolls & glides posterior on tibia
Extension: femur rolls & glides anterior on tibia

52
Q

Gluteus maximus – muscle test positions

A

Patient: prone, knee flexed to 90 degrees
Fixation:
posteriorly – back muscles
laterally – lateral abdominal muscles
Anteriorly: opposite hip flexors
Pressure: against lower part of posterior thigh

53
Q

Nerve supply for glutes

A

Gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus medius = superior gluteal nerve
Gluteus minimus = superior gluteal nerve

54
Q

SUPERIOR GAMELLUS

A

O: external surface spine of ischium
I: with tendons of obturator internus into medial surface greater trochanter
A: lateral rotation of hip, ABD thigh when hip is flexed
N: nerve to obturator internus

55
Q

INFERIOR GAMELLUS

A

O: proximal part ischial tuberosity
I: with tendons of obturator internus into medial surface greater trochanter
A: lateral rotation of hip, ABD thigh when hip is flexed
N: nerve to quadratus femoris

56
Q

OBTURATOR INTERNUS

A

O: internal surface obturator membrane & margin obturator foramen, pelvic surface ischium
I: medial surface greater trochanter of femur, proximal to trochanteric fossa
A: lateral rotation of hip, ABD thigh when hip is flexed
N: nerve to obturator internus

57
Q

OBTURATOR EXTERNUS

A

O: rami of pubis & ischium, external surface obturator membrane
I: trochanteric fossa of femur
A: lateral rotation of hip, weak ADD of thigh
N: obturator nerve

58
Q

PATELLA

A

Sits in trochlear groove of femur
Patellar surface
*Slides in groove on femur as knee flexes & extends

59
Q

MENISCUS

A

*Menisci attached to each other anteriorly by TRANSVERSE ligament of knee
-Medial meniscus: attached to MCL & semimembranosus
-Lateral meniscus: attached to PCL & popliteus

60
Q

FEMORAL TRIANGLE – borders

A

Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus

61
Q

When you plantar flex the foot, what muscles are being used?

A

Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus (fibular) longus & brevis
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

62
Q

Inversion & eversion muscles

A

INVERSION: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior
EVERSION: fibularis longus, brevis & tertius

63
Q

Ankle ligaments (LATERAL)

A

Calcaneofibular (CFL)
Anterior talofibular (ATFL)
Posterior talofibular (PTFL)
*typically injured with INVERSION sprain

64
Q

Ankle ligaments (MEDIAL)

A

Anterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibionavicular ligament
Tibiocalcaneal ligament
Posterior tibiotalar ligament

65
Q

Peroneal muscle testing positions (TERTIUS)

A

Patient: supine / sitting
Fixation: examiner supports leg above ankle joint
test: dorsiflexion of ankle with eversion of foot
pressure: against lateral side, dorsal surface of foot

66
Q

Peroneal muscle testing positions (LONGUS & BREVIS)

A

Patient: supine with lower extremity medially rotated
Fixation: examiner supports leg above ankle joint
Test: plantarflexion of ankle with eversion of foot
Pressure: against lateral side of sole of foot

67
Q

Function of Plantar Fascia

A

Flat, thick band of CT
Connects calcaneal tuberosity to ligaments around heads of metatarsals
Supports arch on bottom of foot, very strong

MSA II (15 decks)

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