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MSA II > LAB II FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

LAB II FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

typical vs. atypical C-spine vertebrae

A

TYPICAL: C3, C4, C5, C6
ATYPICAL: C1, C2, C7

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2
Q

which C-spine vertebrae are bifid and which are not

A

C2 = bifid
C7 = not bifid

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3
Q

C1 (atlas) divided into 3 sections

A

anterior arch
lateral mass
posterior arch

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4
Q

what is atypical about C7?

A

elongated SP
not bifid

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5
Q

ligaments of spine (order)

A

ALL
PLL
ligamentum flavum
interspinous
supraspinous

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6
Q

tectorial membrane

A

turns into PLL after C2

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7
Q

cruciate / cruciform / transverse ligament

A

holds the dense of C2 against C1
creates pivot

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8
Q

COUPLED MOTIONS

A

rotation & lateral flexion always together except at C1/C2
C2-T5: ipsilateral side
T6-L5: contralateral side

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9
Q

muscle testing deep neck flexors (longus coli)

A

patient: supine, elbows bent, hands overhead
test: flex C-spine by lifting head off table, chin depressed
pressure: against forehead in posterior direction

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10
Q

muscle testing SCM

A

patient: supine, elbows bent, hands beside head
fixation: firm downward pressure on thorax
test: anterolateral neck flexion
pressure: against temporal region of head in obliquely posterior direction

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11
Q

function of suboccipital muscles

A

maintain postural stabilization of head

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12
Q

COSTAL CARTILAGE

A

-smooth, elastic resilient CT, connects ribs to sternum
-made of cartilage cells in a glycoprotein matrix strengthened by collagen
-contributes to elasticity in walls of thorax allowing chest to expand & retract during breathing

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13
Q

landmarks of the sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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14
Q

where is the infrasternal angle?

A

at xiphoid process
(xiphisternal joint)

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15
Q

muscle layers

A

layer 1 (most superficial): traps, lats
layer 2: levator scap, rhomboid major & minor
layer 3: serratus posterior superior & inferior
layer 4: splenius capitis & cervicis
layer 5: erector spinae group
layer 6: transversospinalis group

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16
Q

serratus posterior superior

A

O: SP C7-T3
I: ribs 2-5 on superior external border
A: expands chest, elevates ribs
N: ventral rami

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17
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A

O: SP T11 - L3
I: lower 4 ribs
A: draws ribs backward & downward
N: ventral rami

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18
Q

muscle testing posterior lateral neck extensors (group test)

A

Patient: prone, hands clasped behind head
Fixation: examiner stabilizes legs firmly on table
Test: trunk extension to full range
Pressure: gravity

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19
Q

erector spinae actions

A

BILATERAL: extension
UNILATERAL: lateral flexion

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20
Q

spinalis & semispinalis actions

A

BILATERAL: extension
UNIALTERAL: contralateral rotation

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21
Q

which muscle attaches on the mamillary process?

A

MULTIFIDUS LUMBORUM
O: mamillary process L1-L5

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22
Q

RIBS (true, false, floating)

A

TRUE (vertebrosternal): ribs 1-7
FALSE (vertebrochondral): ribs 8-10
FLOATING (vertebral): ribs 11 &12

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23
Q

atypical vs. typical ribs

A

TYPICAL: 3-9
ATYPICAL: 1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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24
Q

muscle attachments on 1st & 2nd ribs

A

1st rib: anterior & middle scalenes, subclavius
2nd rib: posterior scalenes

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25
SUBCLAVIUS
O: 1st rib (junction of costal cartilage) I: middle ⅓ of clavicle A: assist in stabilization of clavicle & depresses clavicle N: nerve to subclavius
26
function of intercostal muscles
aid in posture & respiration *ALL innervated by intercostal nerves
27
external intercostals
O: lower border of ribs I: upper border of ribs below A: elevates ribs in inspiration, supports intercostals in inspiration & expiration N: intercostal nerves Fibers travel inferior & medial
28
internal intercostals
O: inner surface of ribs & costal cartilages I: upper borders of adjacent ribs below A: prevents pushing out / drawing in of intercostal spaces in inspiration & expiration, lowers ribs in forced expiration N: intercostal nerves Fibers travel inferior & lateral
29
innermost intercostals
O: lower border of ribs I: upper border of ribs below A: elevates ribs N: intercostal nerves Fibers travel inferior & lateral
30
typical vs. atypical lumbar spine
TYPICAL: L1-L4 (mammillary proces) ATYPICAL: L5
31
what is atypical about L5?
Transitional Body = largest TVP = thick & short SP short with rounded tip
32
where spinal cord ends & what it turns into
ends at L1/L2 becomes CAUDA EQUINA
33
linea alba
“White line” Fibrous structure of CT → runs down midline of abdomen from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
34
external oblique
O: external surface ribs 5-12 I: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half iliac crest A: bilateral – flexion A: unilateral – lateral flexion, contralateral rotation of trunk, compression & stabilization of abdomen N: intercostal nerves
35
internal oblique
O: anterior & middle ⅓ iliac crest, lateral ⅔ inguinal ligament I: inferior borders ribs 10-12, linea alba, crest pubis A: bilateral – flexion A: unilateral – lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation of trunk, compression & stabilization of abdomen, depress thorax, assist in respiration N: intercostal nerves
36
transverse abdominis
O: internal surfaces costal cartilages 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, anterior ¾ iliac crest, lateral ⅓ inguinal ligament I: linea alba with abdominal aponeurosis, pubic crest, pectineal line A: acts like girdle, compression & stabilization of abdomen N: intercostal nerves
37
rectus abdominis
O: pubic crest & pubic symphysis I: costal cartilage ribs 5-7 & xiphoid process A: flex trunk, posterior pelvic tilt, compression & stabilization abdomen N: intercostal nerves
38
quadratus lumborum
O: iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest I: inferior border 12 rib, TVP L1-L4 A: unilateral – elevate pelvis, lateral flexion of trunk, depress 12th rib A: bilateral – extend lumbosacral spine N: lumbar plexus
39
which muscle depresses ribs 9-12?
SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR
40
structure of spinal discs
Cervical disc – thicker anteriorly Thoracic discs – equal thickness Lumbar discs – thicker anteriorly
41
articular surfaces in lumbar spine
L5 = last intervertebral disc & facet articulation with sacrum Superior articular facet
42
OS COXAE
Ilium Ischium Pubis
43
joints of lumbar spine
Facet joints Intervertebral joints -lumbar spine EXTENSION coupled with SACRAL NUTATION -lumbar spine FLEXION coupled with SACRAL COUNTERNUTATION
44
movement occurring at SI joint
Gliding (slight), nutation & counternutation
45
NUTATION
Base of sacrum moves inferiorly & anteriorly Enlarges pelvic outlet Ischial tuberosities move apart Pubic symphysis approximates Iliac crests approximate PSIS separates ASIS flares in
46
COUNTERNUTATION
Base of sacrum moves superiorly & posteriorly Enlarges pelvic inlet Ischial tuberosities approximate Pubic symphysis separates Iliac crests separate PSIS approximates ASIS flares out
47
pubic ligaments
Superior pubic ligament Inferior pubic ligament (arcuate pubic ligament)
48
diaphragm
O: sternal part: two slips from dorsum of xiphoid process O: costal part: lower 6 ribs & their costal cartilage O: lumbar part: bodies upper lumbar vertebrae I: into central tendon (aponeurosis) A: separates thoracic & abdominal cavities, contracts during inspiration (dome descends), relaxes during expiration (dome ascends) N: Phrenic nerve
49
External rotators of HIP - insertions
Gluteus maximus: gluteal tuberosity, IT band Gluteus medius: greater trochanter Piriformis: greater trochanter Superior gemellus: greater trochanter Inferior gemellus: greater trochanter Obturator internus: greater trochanter Obturator externus: trochanteric fossa Quadratus femoris: quadrate line
50
Hip flexors – psoas group – unilateral vs. bilateral
*prime mover for hip flexion Psoas Major: flexion & lateral rotation of hip, flexion & lateral flexion of trunk, anterior pelvic tilt Psoas Minor: flexion of pelvis on lumbar spine Iliacus: flex & laterally rotate hip, anterior pelvic tilt
51
Closed vs. open chain for hip flexors
OPEN (kicking a ball) Flexion: tibia rolls & glides glides posterior on femur Extension: tibia rolls & glides anterior on femur CLOSED (squat) Flexion: femur rolls & glides posterior on tibia Extension: femur rolls & glides anterior on tibia
52
Gluteus maximus – muscle test positions
Patient: prone, knee flexed to 90 degrees Fixation: posteriorly – back muscles laterally – lateral abdominal muscles Anteriorly: opposite hip flexors Pressure: against lower part of posterior thigh
53
Nerve supply for glutes
Gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal nerve Gluteus medius = superior gluteal nerve Gluteus minimus = superior gluteal nerve
54
SUPERIOR GAMELLUS
O: external surface spine of ischium I: with tendons of obturator internus into medial surface greater trochanter A: lateral rotation of hip, ABD thigh when hip is flexed N: nerve to obturator internus
55
INFERIOR GAMELLUS
O: proximal part ischial tuberosity I: with tendons of obturator internus into medial surface greater trochanter A: lateral rotation of hip, ABD thigh when hip is flexed N: nerve to quadratus femoris
56
OBTURATOR INTERNUS
O: internal surface obturator membrane & margin obturator foramen, pelvic surface ischium I: medial surface greater trochanter of femur, proximal to trochanteric fossa A: lateral rotation of hip, ABD thigh when hip is flexed N: nerve to obturator internus
57
OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
O: rami of pubis & ischium, external surface obturator membrane I: trochanteric fossa of femur A: lateral rotation of hip, weak ADD of thigh N: obturator nerve
58
PATELLA
Sits in trochlear groove of femur Patellar surface *Slides in groove on femur as knee flexes & extends
59
MENISCUS
*Menisci attached to each other anteriorly by TRANSVERSE ligament of knee -Medial meniscus: attached to MCL & semimembranosus -Lateral meniscus: attached to PCL & popliteus
60
FEMORAL TRIANGLE – borders
Inguinal ligament Sartorius Adductor longus
61
When you plantar flex the foot, what muscles are being used?
Soleus Gastrocnemius Plantaris Tibialis posterior Peroneus (fibular) longus & brevis Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
62
Inversion & eversion muscles
INVERSION: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior EVERSION: fibularis longus, brevis & tertius
63
Ankle ligaments (LATERAL)
Calcaneofibular (CFL) Anterior talofibular (ATFL) Posterior talofibular (PTFL) *typically injured with INVERSION sprain
64
Ankle ligaments (MEDIAL)
Anterior tibiotalar ligament Tibionavicular ligament Tibiocalcaneal ligament Posterior tibiotalar ligament
65
Peroneal muscle testing positions (TERTIUS)
Patient: supine / sitting Fixation: examiner supports leg above ankle joint test: dorsiflexion of ankle with eversion of foot pressure: against lateral side, dorsal surface of foot
66
Peroneal muscle testing positions (LONGUS & BREVIS)
Patient: supine with lower extremity medially rotated Fixation: examiner supports leg above ankle joint Test: plantarflexion of ankle with eversion of foot Pressure: against lateral side of sole of foot
67
Function of Plantar Fascia
Flat, thick band of CT Connects calcaneal tuberosity to ligaments around heads of metatarsals Supports arch on bottom of foot, very strong

MSA II (15 decks)

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