Lecture 1

Question 1

T vertebra have superior articular process/facets facing

Answer 1

posteriorly

Question 2

T vertebra have inferior articular process/ facets facing

Answer 2

anteriorly

Question 3

L vertebra have superior articular process/ facets facing

Answer 3

medially

Question 4

L vertebra have inferior articular process/ facets facing

Answer 4

laterally

Question 5

What joins vertebral bodies?

Answer 5

intervertebral discs

Question 6

Central and periphal intervertebral disc is called

Answer 6

nucleus pulposis and peripheral annulus fibrosis

Question 7

Sternum consists of

Answer 7

manubrium, body of sternum and xiphoid process

Question 8

Thoracic inlet componenets

Answer 8

body of T1, rib 1, manubrium, dome of parietal pleura

Question 9

Categorisation of true, false and floating ribs

Answer 9

1-7, 8-10, 11-12

Question 10

What does anterior end/costal cartilages of floating ribs end?

Answer 10

posterior abdominal muscles

Question 11

Thoracic outlet components

Answer 11

body of T12, ribs 11 and 12, costal margins, xiphisternal joint, diaphragm

Question 12

Where does the clavicle attach to on the manubrium?

Answer 12

sternoclavicular joint

Question 13

What is in between the two sternoclavicular joints?

Answer 13

jugular notch

Question 14

What ribs are considered atypical?

Answer 14

1,2,11,12

Question 15

What structure of a typical rib contains neurovascular bundle/VAN?

Answer 15

costal groove

Question 16

Typical rib is flattened in which plane?

Answer 16

anterior/posterior

Question 17

What is more medial on a typical rib - articular or non-articular part of tubercle?

Answer 17

articular

Question 18

What are the 3 components of posterior typical rib?

Answer 18

head, neck, tubercle

Question 19

Components of head of typical rib?

Answer 19

two smooth facets

Question 20

Ribs 1/2 are flattened in which plane?

Answer 20

superior/inferior

Question 21

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 21

A moveable joint with a joint cavity lubricated with synovial fluid

Question 22

What are the two articulations between ribs and vertebra and what do they articulate?

Answer 22

costocorporeal - heads of true ribs with the superior part of the body of equivalent vertebra and the inferior part of the body of the vertebra above

costotransverse - with transverse process of equivalent vertebra

Question 23

There are 8 joints you need to know. 3 of these are non moveable. What are they?

Answer 23

Costochondral, manubriosternal, xiphosternal

Question 24

What are the 6 ‘other joints’ you need to know? Tip: to remember them, work your way lateral -> medial, then superior -> inferior

Answer 24

costochondral (bone with cartilage)
sternocostal/costosternal (mostly synovial except rib 1)
interchondral (costal c to costal c)
sternoclavicular
manubriosternal
xiphosternal

Question 25

What are the three types of muscle of the thoracic wall?

Answer 25

1. muscles connecting adjacent ribs -- intercostal muscles 2. muscles which cross several ribs 3. muscles external to anterior rib cage

Question 26

Of the intercostal muscles, which are outside the neurovascular bundle?

Answer 26

external and internal intercostals

Question 27

Which intercostal muscles are inside the neurovascular bundle?

Answer 27

innermost intercostal

Question 28

Which muscles cross several ribs?

Answer 28

transversus thoracis and subcostal muscle

Question 29

Describe location and orientation of transversus thoracis

Answer 29

It arises on either side from the lower third of the posterior surface of the body of the sternum, from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, and from the sternal ends of the costal cartilages of the lower three or four true ribs. Orientation is "waistcoat pocket". In the same layer as innermost and subcostal muscles

Question 30

Describe location and orientation of subcostal muscles (often poorly developed)

Answer 30

posterior lower thorax orientation parallel to innermost and internal intercostals

Question 31

What are muscles external to anterior rib cage?

Answer 31

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, external oblique

Question 32

What muscles are used for inspiration and expiration

Answer 32

inspiration - external intercostals and neck muscles expiration - internal intercostal, innermost intercostals, abdominal muscles, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus

Question 33

What level is the xiphosternal joint at?

Answer 33

body of T9

Question 34

What does the level of the sternal angle mark?

Answer 34

1. level of manubriosternal joint 2. body of 4th T vertebra 3. junction of superior and inferior mediastinum 4. level of underside of arch of aorta 5. bifurcation of trachea into bronchi 6. site of 2nd costal cartilage

Question 35

Rib 1 only articulates with?

Answer 35

Superior demifacet of T1

Question 36

Direction of intercostal muscles?

Answer 36

External - posterosuperior to anteroinferior | Internal, innermost - anterosuperior to posteroinferior

Question 37

Between which innercostal muscles does the NVB run?

Answer 37

internal and innermost

Question 38

What is the costal margin?

Answer 38

Medial margin of the cartilages of rib 7 - rib 10