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ANAT3907 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

Respiratory System (55 cards)

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1
Q

External nose has how many cavities and separated by?

A

2 cavities separated by septum, nostrils anteriorly

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2
Q

What separates nasal cavities from the mouth?

A

hard and soft palate

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3
Q

How many conchae are in each nostril and where are they located?

A 
Three conchae (superior, middle and inferior);
Internal lateral wall of each nostril
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4
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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5
Q

What part of the pharynx is the opening to the larynx found?

A

Laryngopharynx

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6
Q

What do the laryngopharynx and larynx connect to respectively?

A

Oesophagus and trachea

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7
Q

At what level does larynxgopharynx become oesophagus?

A

C6

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8
Q

How does epiglottis regulate swallowing of food and air passage?

A

Closes during swallowing of food and opens to allow passage of air

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9
Q

Where are 3 tonsils located in the upper respiratory passage? (look at images)

A

pharyngeal tonsil in posterior wall of nasopharynx
lingual tonsil in posterior part of tongue
paired palatine tonsils immediately behind oral cavity

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10
Q

What lymphatic tissue are the tonsils considered a part of?

A

gut associated lymphatic tissue

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11
Q

What levels does the trachea run from?

A

C6 to T5

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12
Q

How many cartilagenous rings are located on the trachea?

A

16-20

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13
Q

What consists the posterior surface of trachea?

A

fibroelastic and muscular tissue

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14
Q

What are rings of cartilage on trachea separated by?

A

CT and smooth muscle

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15
Q

What are the anterior relations of the trachea?

A

fascia and muscles of neck
manubrium
brachiocephalic and common carotid arteries

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16
Q

What are the lateral and posterior relations of the trachea?

A

lungs and oesophagus

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17
Q

What does the trachea branch into and at what level?

A

Principle bronchi (T5) and lobar bronchi

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18
Q

Which principle bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical?

A

Right

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19
Q

How many lobar bronchi does R principle bronchus have?

A

3 (superior, middle and inferior)

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20
Q

Which bronchi enter the R lung?

A

superior lobar bronchus and principle bronchus

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21
Q

At what level does superior lobar bronchus enter the R lung?

A

T5

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22
Q

Where does the superior lobar bronchus and principle bronchus enter R lung at hilum relative to the pulmonary artery?

A

Superior - posterior

Principle - posteroinferior

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23
Q

At what level does L principle bronchus enter L lung?

24
Q

Where does the principle bronchus enter L lung at hilum relative to the pulmonary artery?

25
What do lobar bronchi divide into?
segmental bronchi
26
At what point is there no cartilage?
Bronchioles
27
Describe the transition from trachea into alveoli
Trachea -> principle bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli
28
What are the cells that constitute alveoli and their functions?
Type 1 - participate in blood-air barrier | Type 2 - produce surfactant and a population of wandering macrophages
29
Where is the pulmonary ligament located?
Extending down from the hilum
30
What is pulmonary ligament made from and what is its function?
Parietal pleura; to hold the lower part of the lungs in position
31
What pleura is not in contact with lung surface and what is on outer surface of lungs?
Parietal and visceral (respectively)
32
What is between parietal and visceral pleura and its function?
Film of serous fluid which allows pleural layers to slide over each other during respiration
33
What are the pleural recesses and where are they located?
Costodiaphragmatic recess - angle between thoracic cage and diaphragm Costomediastinal recess - medially between ribcage and mediastinum
34
When would lung tissue move into pleural recesses?
Deep inspiration
35
Which pleura is sensitive to pain and which is not?
Sensitive - parietal | Insensitive - visceral
36
What do the parietal and visceral pleura cover respectively?
Parietal - rib cage | Pleural - lungs
37
What is the difference between hilum and root of lung?
Root of lung is located at the hilum and consists of the structures that enter the lung whereas hilum is the depression where connection is made between parietal and visceral pleura
38
Difference between anterior and posterior borders of lung?
Anterior is sharply bordered whereas posterior is rounded
39
What are the fissures of the R lung?
oblique and horizontal
40
What are the impressions of on medial surface of R lung?
azygos, R subclavian artery, SVC and R atrium
41
What lung and lobe does the lingula exist on?
superior lobe of the left lung
42
Where is the cardiac notch?
the lower anterior border of the left lung above the lingula
43
What are the impressions of on medial surface of L lung?
aorta, L subclavian, L common carotid, L and R ventricles
44
Where is the apex of each lung?
Supraclavicular region - superior to clavicle and lateral to sternocleidomastoid
45
What vessels and nerves are found along the trachea?
inferior thyroid vessels and vagus nerve
46
What lymph nodes are found along the trachea and where do they drain?
pretracheal and paratracheal nodes; deep cervical nodes
47
What is arterial supply to the lungs from?
bronchial arteries from descending aorta
48
What is venous drainage of the lungs?
bronchial veins which drain into either pulmonary veins or azygous system
49
What are the two networks of vessels responsible for lymph drainage of the lung and where do they drain?
subpleural and deep; drain through nodes along bronchi to hilum and ultimately to bronchomediastinal trunks
50
What forms the pulmonary plexus?
vagus and sympathetic trunk
51
What innervates the lungs?
pulmonary plexus
52
What are the muscles and actions involved in quiet inspiration?
External intercostals - pull ribs upwards and outwards | Diaphragm - downward contraction
53
What are the muscles and actions involved in deep inspiration?
Muscles of quiet inspiration Neck - sternocleidomastoid and scalene Upper limb muscles - pectoralis major/minor and serratus anterior Quadratus lumborum
54
What are the muscles and actions involved in quiet expiration?
External intercostals - relax | Diaphragm - relax
55
What are the muscles and actions involved in forced expiration?
Muscles of quiet expiration Internal and innermost intercostals Abdominal muscles - external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominus

ANAT3907 (15 decks)

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