Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the 4 cavities of the trunk?

Answer 1

2 x pleural
1 x pericardial
1 x abdominal/pelvic cavity

Question 2

What are the two types of serous membrane?

Answer 2

parietal and visceral

Question 3

What is the lining of the abdominal/pelvic cavity called?

Answer 3

Peritoneum

Question 4

What is the 3 linings of the pericardial cavity?

Answer 4

fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium

Question 5

What does retroperitoneal mean?

Answer 5

Organs in peritoneal cavity attached to posterior body wall and covered in a drape of peritoneum

Question 6

What does suspended organ mean?

Answer 6

Attached on a sling of peritoneum (mesentary) which is attached to posterior wall

Question 7

What are pleural cavities divided by?

Answer 7

Mediastinum

Question 8

How is thorax separated by abdomen?

Answer 8

Diaphragm

Question 9

What is the difference between abdomen and pelvis?

Answer 9

No differnece

Question 10

Where is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 10

Inside mediastinum

Question 11

How is mediastinum divided?

Answer 11

superior, inferior (anterior, middle, posterior)

Question 12

Where does superior and inferior mediastinum divide?

Answer 12

Sternal angle

Question 13

What is contained in superior mediastinum?

Answer 13

Upper thymus, trachea, oesophagus, aortic arch, brachiocephalic veins

Question 14

What is contained in anterior inferior mediastinum?

Answer 14

lower thymus

Question 15

What is contained in middle inferior mediastinum?

Answer 15

pericardium (heart, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk and veins) and phrenic nerves

Question 16

What is contained in posterior inferior mediastinum?

Answer 16

Descending aorta, azygous, thoracic duct, oesophagus

Question 17

What forms the base of the pericardial cavity?

Answer 17

fibrous central tendon

Question 18

Where are attachments for the thoracic diaphragm?

Answer 18

sternal - back of xiphoid process
costal - from lower 6 costal cartilages and ribs and transversus abdominus
lumbar - left and right crura which attach to first 3 lumbar vertebra and join in mideline to form median arcuate ligament arching over aorta
- medial arcuate ligament over psoas major/minor
- lateral arcuate ligament over quadratus lumborum

Question 19

What is blood supply to superior surface of diaphragm?

Answer 19

Musculophrenic branches of internal thoracic vessels

Question 20

What is blood supply to superior surface of diaphragm?

Answer 20

Inferior phrenic branches of aorta

Question 21

What innervates diaphragm?

Answer 21

Phrenic nerve

Question 22

What passes through diaphragm at T8 and name of opening?

Answer 22

caval opening - IVC and R phrenic nerve

Question 23

What passes through diaphragm at T10 and name of opening?

Answer 23

oesophageal hiatus - oesophagus and vagus nerves

Question 24

What passes through diaphragm at T12 and name of opening?

Answer 24

aortic hiatus - aorta, thoracic d uct, azygous/hemiazygous, sympathetic trunks

Question 25

Where does L phrenic nerve and splanchnic nerves pass through diaphragm?

Answer 25

L phrenic - muscular diaphragm to left of central tendon | Splanchnic - crura

Question 26

What are splanchnic nerves?

Answer 26

Preganglionic branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk which will synapse in sympathetic ganglia in the abdomen. They supply the foregut and midgut

Question 27

What are the 3 pairs of splanchnic nerve and where do they innervate?

Answer 27

Greater - foregut Lesser - midgut Least - midgut

Question 28

What is the function of phrenic nerves?

Answer 28

Sensory supply to pericardium, parietal pleura, diaphragm, IVC and gall bladder Motor supply to diaphragm

Question 29

What controls motor movement of the diaphragm?

Answer 29

Phrenic nerve

Question 30

Where is the phrenic nerve derived from and how do they get to diaphragm?

Answer 30

- Derived from ventral branches of Cervical 3-5 - Cross the anterior surface of scalenus anterior and enter thorax - Descend anterior to the root of lung - Pass through fibrous pericardium to diaphragm - L phrenic passes through muscular diaphragm adjacent to central tendon - R phrenic passes through caval aperture or central tendon adjacent to IVC

Question 31

The abdomen extends from _ to _?

Answer 31

thoracic diaphragm to pelvic diaphragm

Question 32

The pelvic diaphragm consists of?

Answer 32

Muscles at the inferior opening of the pelvis called levator ani and coccygeus

Question 33

Where is the transpyloric plane?

Answer 33

Halfway between the sternal notch and the upper border of the pubic symphysis

Question 34

What does the transpyloric plane mark?

Answer 34

- pylorus of stomach (The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum) - hila of kidney - body of L1

Question 35

Where are the levels of the domes of the diaphragm found during forced expiration?

Answer 35

R dome is at level of nipple or 4th rib | L dome is 5th rib

Question 36

Where is the quadratus lumborum located?

Answer 36

Rib 12 and bodies of L1-4 to iliac crest

Question 37

Function of quadratus lumborum?

Answer 37

Because the QL connects the pelvis to the spine and is therefore capable of extending the lower back when contracting bilaterally

Question 38

What is located superiorly and inferiorly to the iliac crest?

Answer 38

Superior: quadratus lumborum Inferior: iliacus

Question 39

Where does the psoas major originate from?

Answer 39

The psoas major is divided into a superficial and deep part. - The deep part originates from the transverse processes of L 1-4 - The superficial part originates from the lateral surfaces of T12, L 1-4, and from neighboring intervertebral discs.

Question 40

Where does psoas minor extend to and from?

Answer 40

T11/12 bodies to pecten pubis

Question 41

What forms the ileopsoas?

Answer 41

Iliacus and psoas major

Question 42

What bends trunk and pelvis forward against resistance to allow rising from a sitting position?

Answer 42

Psoas and iliacus