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BIOL 204 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

More than half of the body’s blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.

A

lungs

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2
Q

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?

A

respiratory

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3
Q

Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

  • pharynx
  • alveoli
  • trachea
  • main bronchi
  • larynx
A

conducting zone is all the organs that air flow thru. Everything that doesn’t do the actual gas exchange.

  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • main bronchi
  • larynx
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4
Q

The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following?

A

alveoli

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5
Q

Choose all that are components of the lower respiratory tract.

  • larynx
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • bronchi
  • trachea
  • alveoli
A

lower respiratory tract = trachea –> lungs

  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • alveoli
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6
Q

Choose all that are components of the upper respiratory tract.

  • larynx
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • bronchi
  • trachea
  • alveoli
A

upper respiratory tract = nose –> larynx

  • nasal cavity
  • larynx
  • pharynx
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7
Q

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.

A

respiratory

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8
Q

Choose all the ways air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.

A

it is warmed
it is cleansed
it is humidified

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9
Q

Choose all that are considered principal organs of the respiratory system.

A

lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea

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10
Q

The cells of the respiratory epithelium that secrete mucus are ______ cells.

A

goblet

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11
Q

Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.

A

conducting

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12
Q

Which is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity?

A

nasopharynx

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13
Q

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

A

respiratory division

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14
Q

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

A

Laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Choose all that are components of the upper respiratory tract.
- pharynx
- alveoli
- nasal cavity
- trachea
- larynx
- bronchi

A

upper respiratory tract = nasal cavity –> larynx

  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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16
Q

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

A

producing speech

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17
Q

Nasal conchae are also called ______.

A

turbinates

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18
Q

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?

A

Nasopharynx

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20
Q

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue?

A

hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?

A

Laryngopharynx

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22
Q

Choose all that are functions of the larynx.

A

To produce sound
To keep food and drink out of the airway

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23
Q

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

A

cilia

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24
Q

What is the role of the nasal conchae?

A

To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus

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25
The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following?
Respiratory epithelium
26
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed
27
Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
28
Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?
Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole
29
Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?
Laryngopharynx
30
At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?
Respiratory bronchiole
31
Choose all the features that are associated with the tracheal epithelium. - pseudostratified columnar cells - keratin - stratified squamous tissue - goblet cells - cilia - mucus
Pseudostratified columnar cells Goblet cells Cilia Mucous
32
Choose all the ways air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae. - it is cleansed - it is warmed - it is humidified - it is absorbed
It is cleansed. It is warmed. It is humidified.
33
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ___ of the lungs
alveoli
34
The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ___ escalator of the trachea.
mucociliary
35
Which are squamous cells, primarily responsible for forming the respiratory membrane of the lung?
Type I alveolar cells
36
Starting at the top, place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.
1) primary bronchus 2) secondary bronchus 3) tertiary bronchus 4) terminal bronchiole 5) respiratory bronchiole 6) alveolar duct
37
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
Prevents collapse of bronchioles
38
Bronchioles that are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system are ___ bronchioles.
respiratory
39
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
40
The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.
cilia
41
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.
inspiration
42
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
43
Which describes the respiratory cycle?
One complete inspiration and expiration
44
Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung?
Type II alveolar cells
45
A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?
Forced
46
Pulmonary ___ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.
surfactant
47
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.
intercostals diaphragm
48
Choose the components of a respiratory membrane.
type I squamous alveolar cell squamous endothelial cell of the capillary share basement membrane
49
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.
expiration
50
Which maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles? The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation.
Valsalva maneuver
51
Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out?
Respiratory cycle
52
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
Brainstem medulla oblongata and pons
53
An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?
Quiet
54
The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.
ventral
55
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?
Diaphragm
56
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
57
What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors
58
The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the ______ while trying to exhale.
glottis
59
The ______ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.
pontine
60
Choose all the locations that contain the brainstem respiratory centers. - corpora quadrigemina - fornix - pons - medulla oblongata
Pons Medulla oblongata
61
Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?
Ventral respiratory group
62
The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.
chemoreceptors
63
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.
Intercostals Diaphragm
64
Choose all of the following that the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in.
Blood oxygen saturation Blood carbon dioxide saturation Blood pH
65
The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.
dorsal
66
Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli?
Stretch receptors
67
What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group?
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex
68
which stimulus does this receptor detect? central chemoreceptors
pH of the CSF
69
which stimulus does this receptor detect? peripheral chemoreceptors
oxygen level carbon dioxide level pH of blood
70
which stimulus does this receptor detect? stretch receptors
inflation of the lungs
71
which stimulus does this receptor detect? irritant receptors
smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus
72
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
Brainstem
73
Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?
pH
74
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.
peripheral
75
Receptors that respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli are called ___ receptors
stretch
76
Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?
Irritant receptors

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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