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BIOL 204 > Lecture 20 -- review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 20 -- review questions Flashcards

1
Q

which region of the small intestine receives the chyme?

A

duodenum

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2
Q

which region of the small intestine receives the pancreatic juice and bile?

A

duodenum

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3
Q

what is the main function of the duodenum?

A

acts as mixing bowl

–> neutralize acidic chyme

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4
Q

how is the acidic chyme neutralized in the duodenum?

A

duodenal glands secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus
–> neutralizes stomach acid
–> inactivates pepsin
–> stops protein breakdown

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5
Q

in which part of the small intestine does most nutrient digestion and absorption occur?

A

jejunum

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6
Q

what is the function of the ileum?

A

absorb Vitamin B12

reabsorb bile salts

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7
Q

what are Peyer’s patches, and where are they found?

A

lymphoid follicles, mainly comprised of B-cells

found in jejunum and ileum

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8
Q

what is the ileocecal valve (ileal papilla), and where is it found?

A

sphincter that controls flow from ileum (small intestine) to cecum (large intestine)

ileum (sm intestine) –> cecum (lar intestine)

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9
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter found? what does it control?

A

pyloric sphincter

stomach –> duodenum

controls passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum of small intestine

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10
Q

which 2 types of motility does the small intestine have?

A

peristalsis – slow-propulsion

segmentation – promotes mechanical breakdown and mixing of chyme w/ digestive juices and bile

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11
Q

what common advantages do circular folds, villi, and microvilli provide to the digestive process?

A

increase surface area of small intestine that promote digestion and nutrient absorption

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12
Q

what 3 structures increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine?

A

circular folds

villi

microvilli

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13
Q

what 2 kinds of epithelial cells cover a villus?

A

enterocytes – absorptive cells

goblet cells – secrete mucus

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14
Q

what can you find inside of a villus?

A

lacteal –> lymphatic capillary

blood capillaries

vein

artery

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15
Q

what is another name for absorptive cells?

A

enterocytes

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16
Q

what is another name for intestinal glands?

A

intestinal crypts

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17
Q

what makes up the brush border in the small intestine?

A

microvilli

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18
Q

what are the 5 major types of cells found in the mucosal epithelium of the intestinal crypts?

A

(1) enteroendocrine cells

(2) stem cells

(3) paneth cells

(4) enterocytes

(5) goblet cells

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19
Q

what is the role of the enterocytes covering the villi in the small intestine?

A

absorbe nutrients and electrolytes

20
Q

what is the role of the enterocytes covering the crypts in the small intestine?

A

secretion of the intestinal juice (water w/ mucus)

21
Q

what 2 factor stimulate the secretion of intestinal juice by the enterocytes?

A

hypertonic and acidic chyme

hypertonic – from high [ ] of solutes coming from stomach

acidic – from low pH from stomach

22
Q

where are Paneth cells found?

A

bottom of intestinal crypts

23
Q

what do Paneth cells release?

A

release antimicrobial agents

24
Q

what organ secretes the hormones CCK and secretin?

A

enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine

25
what are the 2 main functions of the large intestine?
absorb important vitamins generated by bacterial action absorbs water and compact intestinal contents into feces
26
why does the large intestine have a vast number of goblet cells?
large intestine needs to have a lot of mucus - ease passage of feces - protects the intestinal wall from irritating acids and gases released by resident bacteria
27
what are the regions of the (small and large) intestines in order?
duodenum jejunum ileum cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal
28
where is the (vermiform) appendix located?
attached to the cecum
29
what is taenia coli?
3 bands of longitudinal muscle in muscularis --> shorter than large intestine --> cause large intestine wall to pucker --> make pocket-like sacs (Haustra)
30
where does taenia coli come from? (specific layer of the wall)
muscularis externa layer (longitudinal muscle) of the large intestine
31
where are the taenia coli found in the digestive tract? (organ)
large intestine
32
where are haustra found in the digestive tract?
large intestine
33
what forms haustra in the large intestine?
taenia coli are shorter than large intestine but run along walls of larger intestine --> pucker the muscularis externa layer of the large intestine
34
what are Omental appendages?
sacs of fat in the serosa
35
where are Omental appendages found in the digestive tract?
serosa
36
what are haustral contractions, and where are they produced?
segmentation (churning) in the large intestine
37
what is the function of haustral contractions?
bring chyme in close contact with mucosa to maximize water, electrolyte absorption
38
which stimulus promotes haustral contractions?
distension of a haustrum with feces stimulates it to contract --> passes the residue distally to another haustrum
39
what are "mass movements," and where are they produced?
slow, powerful contractions that move undigested waste over large areas from colon --> rectum for defecation
40
what is the function of the mass movements or mass perstalsis?
move undigested waste over large areas from colon --> rectum for defecation
41
what sphincters are found in the anal canal? which one can you control?
internal anal sphincter external anal sphincter you can control external anal sphincter
42
which type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter made of, smooth or skeletal?
smooth
43
which type of muscle is the external anal sphincter made of, smooth or skeletal?
skeletal
44
what is the anus?
exit of the anal canal
45
what is the gut microbiome?
over 800 species of enteric bacteria in the large intestine consist of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses microbes that are both helpful and potentially harmful
46
what is the importance of the gut microbiome? (indicate their functions in the intestines)
prevent overgrowth of harmful bacteria by competing for nutrients digest cellulose, pectin, and other plan polysaccharides that we can digest --> we absorb the resulting sugars
47
which organ of the alimentary canal contains the highest concentration of enteric bacteria?
large intestine

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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