Lecture 8

Question 1

organisms that cause disease, such as bacteria or fungi, are considered ___

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

Skin belongs to the body’s which line of defense?

Answer 2

1st

Question 3

Fever and inflammation belong to the body’s ______ line of defense.

Answer 3

2nd

Question 4

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

Answer 4

adaptive immunity

Question 5

Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?

Answer 5

innate

Question 6

Choose all that are examples of pathogens:
- viruses
- broken bone
- fungi
- bacteria

Answer 6

viruses
fungi
bacteria

Question 7

The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.

Answer 7

the skin

Question 8

Which line of defense consists of external barriers?

Answer 8

1st

Question 9

The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is ___ acid

Answer 9

lactic

Question 10

Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?

Answer 10

2nd

Question 11

Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a “memory” of it?

Answer 11

3rd

Question 12

An enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls is called ___

Answer 12

lysozyme

Question 13

Adaptive immunity is part of the body’s ______ line of defense.

Answer 13

3rd

Question 14

The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.

Answer 14

hyaluronic

Question 15

What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?

Answer 15

keratin

Question 16

Which are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?

Answer 17

lactic acid

Question 18

What does the body’s second line of defense against pathogens consist of?

Answer 18

Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages

Question 19

When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to ______.

Answer 19

degranulate

Question 20

choose all that describe lysozyme:

• an enzyme
• found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids
• an antibody
• capable of destroying bacteria
• part of the specific defenses

Answer 20

an enzyme

found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids

capable of destroying bacteria

Question 21

Choose all the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites:

• secrete histamine
• secrete histaminase
• produce superoxide anion
• produce hydrogen peroxide

Answer 21

produce superoxide anion

produce hydrogen peroxide

Question 22

Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?

Answer 22

hyaluronidase

connective tissues normally produce hyaluronic acid (viscous substance) that is hard for pathogens to penetrate.

Pathogens then secrete hyaluronidase to break the hyaluronic acid thinner and easier to penetrate

Question 23

Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?

Answer 23

heparin

Question 24

Which leukocyte destroys bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and the secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

Answer 24

neutrophil

Question 25

Which leukocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity?

Answer 25

lymphocytes

Question 26

The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is ___ acid

Answer 26

lactic

Question 27

The cell that migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage is called a(n) ___

Answer 27

monocyte

Question 28

Choose all of the following that the respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to: - hydrogen peroxide - superoxide anion - histamine - heparin - hypochlorite

Answer 28

hydrogen peroxide superoxide anion hypochlorite

Question 29

What type of cell phagocytizes antigen antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals and secretes histaminase and other molecules that combat parasitic infections?

Answer 29

eonsinophil

Question 30

where are alveolar macrophages located?

Answer 30

lungs

Question 31

What are three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells? - heparin - histaminase - hypochlorite - histamine - leukotriene

Answer 31

heparin histamine leukotriene

Question 32

Interferons and complement are examples of which of the following?

Answer 32

antimicrobial proteins

Question 33

Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.

Answer 33

T cells

Question 34

Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?

Answer 34

interferons

Question 35

Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?

Answer 35

monocyte

Question 36

where are complement proteins mainly produced?

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?

Answer 37

degranulation

Question 38

True or false: Complement functions to induce pathogen destruction by inducing apoptosis.

Answer 38

false

Question 39

what are the 4 ways complement functions to destroy pathogens?

Answer 39

inflammation immune clearance phagocytosis cytolysis

Question 40

What type of macrophage moves into a specific tissue, then remains within that tissue waiting to phagocytize pathogens?

Answer 40

fixed

Question 41

Which complement pathway is antibody-mediated?

Answer 41

classical

Question 42

what are the 3 complement pathways? Are they antibody-independent or dependent?

Answer 42

classical --> antibody-dependent alternative --> antibody-independent lectin --> antibody-independent

Question 43

What are two antimicrobial proteins? - mucous membrane - stomach acid - macrophage - inteferon - complement

Answer 43

interferon complement

Question 44

Cytokines known as ___ inhibit the viral infection of neighboring cells as well as activate NK cells and macrophages.

Answer 44

interferons

Question 45

A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______.

Answer 45

perforins

Question 46

Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?

Answer 46

complement

Question 47

Fever inhibits the production of ______.

Answer 47

bacteria

Question 48

What are the mechanisms of complement that induce pathogen destruction?

Answer 48

inflammation immune clearance phagocytosis cytolysis

Question 49

Self proteins, such as interferon and interleukins, that induce fever are called ______ pyrogens.

Answer 49

endogenous

Question 50

The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate what?

Answer 50

complement

Question 51

Where is body temperature regulated?

Answer 51

hypothalamus

Question 52

Interferons and complement are examples of which of the following?

Answer 52

antimicrobial proteins

Question 53

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?

Answer 53

inflammation

Question 54

NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?

Answer 54

granzymes

Question 55

What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?

Answer 55

basophils mast cells

Question 56

True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.

Answer 56

false

Question 57

what 3 things does a fever accomplish?

Answer 57

1) promotes interferon activity 2) inhibits reproduction of bacteria and virus 3) elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissues repair

Question 58

What does hyperemia result from?

Answer 58

vasodilation

Question 59

Any surface glycolipid on a bacterium or virus that stimulates fever is what type of pyrogen?

Answer 59

exogenous

Question 60

Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called

Answer 60

diapedesis OR emigration

Question 61

What is the part of the brain that regulates and maintains body temperature?

Answer 61

hypothalamus

Question 62

An elevated neutrophil count is called ______.

Answer 62

neutrophilia

Question 63

Choose all that are the cardinal signs of inflammation? - heat - pain - hemorrhage - itchiness - swelling - redness

Answer 63

heat pain swelling redness

Question 64

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 64

heat pain swelling redness

Question 65

What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?

Answer 65

interferons

Question 66

what are cytokines?

Answer 66

small proteins that help regulate inflammation and immunity act as chemical communication network among immune cells

Question 67

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called ___.

Answer 67

pus

Question 68

Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?

Answer 68

redness heat

Question 69

Which is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells and stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts?

Answer 69

platelet derived growth factor

Question 70

During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?

Answer 70

margination

Question 71

An individual with a parasitic infection would likely have which of the following?

Answer 71

eosinophilia

Question 72

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?

Answer 72

inflammation

Question 73

Which of the following forms pus?

Answer 73

dead neutrophils and macrophages

Question 74

Platelets and endothelial cells secrete platelet-derived ___ factor, which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.

Answer 74

growth

Question 75

how does the complement system lead to inflammation?

Answer 75

antigen-antibody complexes form on pathogen surface reaction cascade C3 dissociates into C3a C3a binds to basophils and mast cells binds to basophils and mast cells, stimulates neutrophils and macrophage activity --> releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals --> inflammation

Question 76

how does the complement system lead to immune clearance?

Answer 76

C3 dissociates into C3b C3b binds to pathogen surface reaction cascade C3b binds Ag-Ab complexes to RBCs RBCs transport Ag-Ab complexes to liver and spleen phagocytes remove and degrade Ag-Ab complexes --> immune clearance

Question 77

how does the complement system lead to phagocytosis?

Answer 77

C3 dissociates into C3b C3b coats bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens --> opsonization --> phagocytosis

Question 78

what are the 3 pathways to activate the complement system?

Answer 78

classical pathway (antibody-dependent) alternative pathway (antibody-independent) lectin pathway (antibody-independent)

Question 79

how does the complement system lead to cytolysis?

Answer 79

C3 dissociates into C3b C3b splits C5 into C5a and C5b C5b binds C6, C7, and C8 C5b678 binds ring of C9 molecules membrane attack complex --> cytolysis