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BIOL 204 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as ______.

A

granulocytes

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2
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of leukocytes and examples of those subtypes?

A

granulocytes
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils

agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes

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3
Q

list the leukocytes in order from greatest % to least %:

A

1) neutrophils
2) lymphocytes
3) monocytes
4) eosinophils
5) basophils

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4
Q

describe neutrophil:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in bacterial infections

1) prevalence

type of granulocyte

S or C shaped nucleus; fine red-violet granules

phagocytize bacteria
release antimicrobial chemicals

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5
Q

describe eosinophils:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in infections

5) prevalence

type of granulocyte

nucleus has 2 large lobes connected by thin strand; large orange-pink granules

phagocytize allergens and inflammatory chemicals

release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such as worms

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5
Q

describe basophils:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in chickenpox, sinusitis, mellitus, myxedema, and polycythemia

4) prevalence

type of granulocyte

nucleus is U- and S-shaped but usually obscured; coarse, abundant, dark violet granules

secrete histamine (vasodilator) to increase blood flow

secrete heparin (anticoagulant) to promote mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting

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5
Q

describe lymphocytes:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in diverse infections and immune responses

2) prevalence

round, dark violet nucleus that fills most of cell, with a light blue cytoplasm

destroys cancer cells, cells infected w/ viruses, and foreign cells

coordinate actions of other immune cells

secrete antibodies

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6
Q

describe monocytes:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in viral infections and inflammation

3) prevalence

violet horseshoe-shaped nucleus

differentiate into macrophages (large phagocytic cells of the tissues)

phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells

present antigens to activate other cells of immune system

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7
Q

Histamine is secreted by basophils. What is the physiological role of histamine?

A

dilates blood vessels

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8
Q

An eosinophil is a type of ______.

A

granulocyte

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9
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes?

A

Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm

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10
Q

The most numerous white blood cells are normally the ______.

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

Leukocytes called ______ have diverse functions such as secretion of antibodies, destruction of cancer cells, and destruction of cells infected with viruses.

A

lymphocytes

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12
Q

Which granulocyte is aggressively antibacterial, and has a band-shaped nucleus when young?

A

neutrophil

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13
Q

Which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules?

A

eosinophils

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14
Q

rank leukocytes by size from largest to smallest:

A

1) monocytes
2) eosinophils
3) neutrophils
4) basophils

varies –> lymphocytes

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15
Q

choose the characteristics of monocytes

A

The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped.

They differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens.

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16
Q

Basophils are the ______ of all formed elements.

A

rarest

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17
Q

choose all that are functions of macrophages

A

Present antigens
Destroy foreign antigens
Phagocytize dead cells

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18
Q

which agranulocyte is small and round w/ a relatively large, centrally-located nucleus?

A

lymphocyte

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19
Q

Which term refers to the development of white blood cells?

A

luekopoiesis

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20
Q

Choose all that are functions of lymphocytes

A

Coordinate actions of other immune cells

Serve in immune memory

Destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells

“Present” antigens to activate other cells of immune system

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21
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

total WBC count below 5,000 WBCs/microliters

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22
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

total WBC count above 10,000 WBCs/microliters

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23
what is leukemia?
cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes
24
what is polycythemia?
abnormally high RBC count
25
Monocyte count increases the most during which of the following?
Inflammation and viral infections
26
Which of the following options correctly describes leukemia?
A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood
27
Monocytes that migrate into the tissues become phagocytes called ______.
macrophages
28
What is leukopoiesis?
Production of white blood cells
29
Which formed elements release vasoconstrictors, promote blood clotting, initiate dissolution of clots, and secrete growth factors?
platelets
30
Leukocytes called ______ have diverse functions such as secretion of antibodies, destruction of cancer cells, and destruction of cells infected with viruses.
lymphocytes
31
What are megakaryocytes?
Gigantic bone marrow cells that produce platelets
32
what are some disorders of WBCs?
leukocytosis lymphoblastic leukemia leukopenia
33
The cancerous disease called ______ results in large numbers of leukocytes and their undifferentiated precursors being released into the blood.
leukemia
34
What is hemostasis?
Physiological process that controls excessive bleeding
35
what are functions of macrophages?
Present antigens Destroy foreign antigens Phagocytize dead cells
36
Place the steps of hemostasis in the correct order, starting with what happens first at the top.
1) vascular spasm 2) platelet plug formation 3) blood coagulation
37
choose some functions of platelets
Release vasoconstrictors Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots Release factors that attract WBCs
38
As platelets aggregate during the second step of hemostasis (shown in this picture), which of the following events occur?
Platelets degranulate resulting in release of thromboxane A, ADP and serotonin.
39
Which is a giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets?
megakaryocyte
40
Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?
A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements
41
Which term refers to the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot?
coagulation
42
what is agglutination?
clumping of cells or molecules by antibodies
43
Which term refers to limiting blood loss from an injured vessel?
hemostasis
44
describe extrinsic mechanism for coagulation:
initiated by clotting factors released by damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissue clotting factors from sources external to blood clotting factors / procoagulants: - thromboplastin (factor III) - proconvertin (factor VII)
45
The extrinsic mechanism of coagulation is initiated by which of the following?
Factors released by damaged blood vessels (thromboplastin)
46
What are the three hemostatic mechanisms? Select three answers from the list below.
vascular spasm platelet plug formation blood clotting
47
Which statement about clotting factors is true?
Clotting factors initiate a cascade of reactions.
48
where are most clotting factors/procoagulants produced?
liver
49
what are clotting factors/procoagulants?
most are proteins produced by liver present in plasma in inactive form, but when factor is activated, it functions as an enzyme activates reaction cascade
50
Platelet activation is an example of positive feedback. What does that mean?
Activating one platelet leads to the activation of another platelet, and then another.
51
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation begins when which factor combines with factor VII?
III thromboplastin
52
beginning at the top, list in order the events of platelet plug formation:
1) contact w/ collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface 2) platelets grow long spiny pseudopods 3) pseudopods contract and draw the vessel wall together 4) mass of platelets form a platelet plug
53
the interaction of protein factors to produce a lot is called ___
coagulation
54
What is factor X?
The first factor shared by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
55
The release of clotting factors by damaged blood vessels and perivascular tissues initiates the ______ pathway of coagulation.
extrinsic
56
The enzyme ______ converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
thrombin
57
what is the precursor to thrombin?
prothrombin
58
Which is another term for clotting factors?
Procoagulants
59
How is prothrombin activator formed?
When factor X combines with factors III and V
60
What is tissue thromboplastin?
A compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
61
The reproduction of fibroblasts and smooth muscles during injury repair is triggered by which of the following?
platelet-derived growth factor
62
Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?
A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements
63
The dissolution of a clot is accomplished by the process called ______.
fibrinolysis
64
What is the first procoagulant that the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways have in common?
Factor X
65
Platelet repulsion, dilution, and substances such as heparin or antithrombin help do what?
Prevent inappropriate clotting
66
How is fibrin formed?
Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin.
67
What is hemophilia?
An inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors
68
Factor X combines with factors III and V to produce ______ activator, which in turn converts prothrombin to thrombin.
prothrombin
69
The abnormal clotting of blood inside an unbroken blood vessel is called what?
thrombosis
70
What is the functional role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
It stimulates mitosis in smooth muscles and fibroblasts.
71
List in order the events that occur during fibrinolysis, starting with the first event at the top.
1) preakallikrein is converted to kallikrein 2) kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin 3) plasmin dissolves the blood clot
72
Choose all the mechanisms that are used by the body to prevent inappropriate clotting.
Presence of anticoagulants such as heparin and antithrombin Platelet repulsion caused by prostacyclin Dilution of clotting factors
73
When they are in the tissues, masses of clotted blood are called ______.
hematomas
74
Why is thrombosis is more likely to occur in veins than in arteries?
Blood flows more slowly in veins and does not dilute thrombin and fibrin as rapidly. thrombin and fibrin are the last steps in forming a blood clot
75
Which is a sex-linked blood clotting disorder that is more common in men than women?
Hemophilia

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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