Lecture 4

Question 1

which term refers to the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis?

Answer 1

autoregulation

Question 2

what is autoregulation?

Answer 2

ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis?

Question 3

what do vasoactive chemicals do?
what are 3 examples of vasoactive chemicals?

Answer 3

stimulate vasodilation

histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin

Question 4

what is angiogenesis?

Answer 4

growth of new blood vessels

Question 5

what is hypercapnia?

Answer 5

excess of CO2 in blood

Question 6

a general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called ___

Answer 6

ischemia

Question 7

what is the medullary ischemic reflex and what does it do?

Answer 7

monitors blood perfusion to brain

when perfusion to brain drops:
- vasoconstriction of arteries except those supplying the brain
- increased contractility force
- increased HR

Question 8

what do vasoactive chemicals do?

Answer 8

stimulate vasomotion

Question 9

what is vasomotion?

Answer 9

vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Question 10

what does the hormone do?

angiotensin II

Answer 10

potent vasoconstrictor that raises BP

Question 11

what does the hormone do?

aldosterone

Answer 11

promotes Na+ retention, which increases blood volume and raises BP

Question 12

what does the hormone do?

natriuretic peptides

Answer 12

promotes Na+ excretion, which reduces blood volume and lowers BP

Question 13

what does the hormone do?

antidiuretic hormone

Answer 13

increases BP by promoting water retention

acts as a vasoconstrictor at extremely high concentrations

Question 14

excess of CO2 in blood is known as…

Answer 14

hypercapnia

Question 15

By which process does the medulla oblongata monitor its own blood supply and activate corrective reflexes when it senses a state of ischemia?

Answer 15

medullary ischemic reflex

Question 16

what does the hormone do?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 16

adrenal and sympathetic catecholamines that bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels

stimulates vasoconstriction and raises blood pressure

Question 17

what are chemicals given off by systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues?

Answer 17

glucose
antibodies
hormones
oxygen

Question 18

what are the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Answer 18

vasoconstriction
water retention

Question 19

what is oncotic pressure?

Answer 19

difference b/n colloid osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid

Question 20

what can cause systemic edema?

Answer 20

failure of right ventricle

Question 21

how does net filtration pressure change from arterial end of a capillary bed to the venous end?

Answer 21

NFP is greater at the arterial end of a capillary bed which forces liquids to move out of the capillary at the arterial end of the bed and then be reabsorbed at the venous end

Question 22

what refers to return of blood to the heart?

Answer 22

venous return

Question 23

A process in which endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicles across the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis is called ___

Answer 23

transcytosis

Question 24

what are the mechanisms of venous return?

Answer 24

1) pressure gradient
2) gravity
3) skeletal muscle pump
4) thoracic (respiratory) pump
5) cardiac suction

Question 25

interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process?

Answer 25

osmosis

Question 26

Tissue fluids that are not reabsorbed by blood capillaries are absorbed by which of the following?

Answer 26

lymphatic capillaries

Question 27

True or false: Large veins of the neck are normally partially collapsed and their venous pressure is close to zero.

Answer 27

T -- when sitting or standing, gravity does all the work pushing blood back to the heart --> large veins of the neck are normally collapsed and venous pressure is close to zero

Question 28

Which condition presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs?

Answer 28

pulmonary edema

Question 29

The thoracic pump does which of the following?

Answer 29

aids in venous flow from abdominal to thoracic cavity

Question 30

Which is the most important force in venous flow?

Answer 30

pressure generated by the heart

Question 31

Which statement best summarizes the general process of capillary fluid exchange?

Answer 31

Fluid moves out of a capillary bed at the arterial end, exchanges materials with the tissue cells, then reenters the blood at the venous end.

Question 32

The mechanism by which contracting limb muscles squeeze blood out of the compressed part of a vein in only one direction is known as which of the following?

Answer 32

The skeletal muscle pump

Question 33

Which conditions can be caused by failure of the right ventricle?

Answer 33

Systemic edema

Question 34

The thoracic pump generates force by which of the following?

Answer 34

Increased abdominal pressure created during inhalation

Question 35

Interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process?

Answer 35

Osmosis

Question 36

True or false: In the skeletal muscle pump, muscle contractions squeeze the blood in veins and valves making sure that the blood flows only in one direction.

Answer 36

T -- The skeletal muscle pump is dependent upon contractions of skeletal muscle and venous valves to prevent backflow of blood.