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BIOL 204 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What collects in a renal papilla?

A

urine

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2
Q

What is a minor calyx?

A

A cuplike structure that collects urine

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3
Q

Starting at a renal papilla at the top, place the structures through which urine will flow in order.

A

(1) renal papilla
(2) minor calyx
(3) major calyx
(4) renal pelvis
(5) ureter

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4
Q

Renal artery –> segmental arteries –> __________ arteries –> arcuate arteries.

A

interlobar

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5
Q

The ______ carries blood out of a glomerulus.

A

efferent arteriole

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6
Q

What is a renal papilla?

A

The tip of a renal pyramid

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7
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A functional unit of the kidney

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8
Q

Urine is drained from a renal pyramid into which structure?

A

Minor calyx

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9
Q

The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following?

A

Glomerular capsule

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10
Q

Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into ______.

A

the ureter

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11
Q

About how many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

1.2 million

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12
Q

The renal artery divides into a few ______ arteries.

A

segmental

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13
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus + glomerular capsule

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14
Q

the ___ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.

A

efferent

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15
Q

Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct?

A

Renal tubule

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16
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is a ___

A

nephron

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17
Q

The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border?

A

Microvilli

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18
Q

The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a ______.

A

glomerulus

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19
Q

The ______ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.

A

nephron loop

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20
Q

What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?

A

Nephron

renal corpuscle contains glomerulus and glomerular capsule –> connect with renal tubule to form nephron

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21
Q

Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct?

A

distal convoluted tube

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22
Q

What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule?

A

Renal corpuscle

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23
Q

The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla.

A

collecting duct

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24
Q

Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what?

A

Renal tubule

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25
What is longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
26
Nephrons classified as ______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface.
cortical
27
Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts?
Thick
28
What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called?
Filtrate
29
The collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following?
Distal convoluted tubule
30
The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular ___
filtration
31
The segment of renal tubule indicated in the figure is the ___ duct
collecting
32
Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct?
Renal tubule
33
Place in order from top to bottom, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration.
(1) fenestrated endothelium (2) basement membrane (3) filtration slit
34
Which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
35
What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?
Glomerular filtration rate
36
True or false: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins.
True
37
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur.
high
38
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form ______.
glomerular filtrate
39
A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.
decreased, increased
40
The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla.
collecting duct
41
The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______.
autoregulation
42
Which structure is composed of a fenestrated capillary endothelium, a basement membrane, and a filtration slit?
Filtration membrane
43
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation.
myogenic
44
In young females, the glomerular filtration rate is about ______ mL/min.
105
45
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the ___ apparatus.
juxtaglomerular
46
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur.
low
47
What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus?
macula densa mesangial cells granular (juxtaglomerular) cells
48
An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.
increased, decreased
49
Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole?
Granular cells
50
What is the result of renal autoregulation?
The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.
51
The ______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR.
sympathetic
52
The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure?
Afferent arteriole
53
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?
Renin
54
The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called ___ feedback
tubuloglomerular
55
Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure.
decrease angiotensin II raises fluid volume and BP
56
what are mesangial cells?
cells b/n arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries
57
what are granular (juxtaglomerular) cells?
smooth muscle cells w/in wall of afferent arteriole
58
what are macula densa cells?
epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop
59
How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?
It increases the BP.
60
what is its role in renal auto regulation? juxtaglomerular cells
dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin
61
what is its role in renal auto regulation? mesangial cells
dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries
62
what is its role in renal auto regulation? macula densa
monitor tubular fluid
63
Choose all that result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system. - vasodilation of afferent arteriole - increased release of ADH - increased secretion of aldosterone - increased secretion of cortisol - stimulated thirst
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism restores fluid volume and raises BP - increased secretion of aldosterone - stimulated thirst - increased secretion of ADH
64
Sympathetic innervation of the renal blood vessels ______ glomerular filtration rate.
decreases
65
The enzyme ______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
renin
66
Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ______.
decreased angiotensin II raises BP
67
What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
Decreased blood pressure
68
Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of which of the following?
Efferent arterioles and those throughout the
69
Choose all actions which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system. - decreased water reabsorption - vasoconstriction - decreased glomerular filtration - increased blood pressure - increased water retention
Vasoconstriction Increased blood pressure Increased water retention
70
The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause ______ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate.
vasoconstriction
71
Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone -- promotes sodium and water reabsorption by distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
72
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?
Renin - renin is a vasoconstrictor that raises MAP throughout body - enables angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I
73
Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure.
decrease angiotensin II raises blood volume and raises BP by stimulating secretion of aldosterone and ADH
74
Constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ______ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water.
peritubular high peritubular capillary BP = lower fluid reabsorption low peritubular capillary BP = higher absorption of sodium and water
75
Choose all that result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system. - increased secretion of cortisol - increased release of ADH - vasodilation of afferent arteriole - increased secretion of aldosterone - stimulated thirst
increased release of ADH increased secretion of aldosterone stimulated thirst
76
Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete ___ hormone
ADH
77
Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete ___
aldosterone
78
Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of which of the following?
Efferent arterioles and those throughout the body
79
Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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