Lecture 9 Flashcards by Jonah Chang

When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?

active

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what are the 3 characteristics of innate immunity?

1) local
2) nonspecific
3) lacking memory

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what are 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity?

1) systemic effect
2) specificity
3) memory

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what are the different ways to classify adaptive immunity?

cellular (cell-mediated) immunity vs. humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

natural vs. artificial active immunity

natural vs. artificial passive immunity

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what is cellular (cell-mediated) immunity?

employs lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

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what is humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity?

employs antibodies that don’t directly destroy pathogens but tag them for destruction

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what is natural active immunity?

natural exposure to antigen causes production of one’s own antibodies or T cells

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what is artificial active immunity?

vaccination causes production of one’s own antibodies or T cells

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what is natural passive immunity?

temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies produced by another person

ex. fetus from mother’s placenta or baby during breast-feeding

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what is artificial passive immunity?

temporary immunity that results form injection of an immune serum abstained from another person or from animals that have antibodies against a certain pathogen

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T or F:

natural active immunity –> a person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain

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T or F:

artificial active immunity –> a person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance

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T or F:

natural passive immunity –> a baby acquires resistance to a virus thru antibodies obtained thru breast milk

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T or F:

artificial passive immunity –> an antibody is injected into a person who has been bitten by a snack. The antibody infers resistance.

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When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type what type of immunity?

passive

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differentiate passive immunity from active immunity

passive – obtain antibodies from another person or animal –> temporary

active – your body makes its own antibodies against pathogens

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What is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?

antigen

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Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.

T, B

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The body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen is natural ___ immunity

active

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The region of the antigen which stimulates an immune response is the ___

epitope (antigenic determinants)

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What is artificial active immunity?

Acquiring one’s own immunity against an attenuated pathogen

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An incomplete antigen is also known as a ______.

hapten

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In artificial ___ immunity, the body is injected with antibodies from another person or an animal.

passive

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which area of an antibody determines its class?

structures of their C region

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Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) ___

antigen

Choose all the processes through with the great diversity in the specificity of antibody molecules is produced. - somatic hypermutation - anergy - clonal selection - somatic recombination

somatic hypermutation somatic recombination

what is somatic recombination?

forms new combinations of DNA base sequences in somatic (nonreproductive) cells

what is somatic hypermutation?

B cells in germinal centers of lymphatic nodules undergo exceptionally high rates of mutation not just recombining preexisting DNA but creating wholly new DNA sequences

B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.

humoral - B cells --> plasma cells --> antibodies --> tags pathogens for destruction cell-mediated - T cells --> directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

where do T cells mature?

thymus

What is the region of an antigen that stimulates an immune response?

epitope

B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as ___

immunocompetent

Which is too small to be antigenic by itself, but can induce an immune response when bound to a larger molecule?

hapten

To function properly, T cells must have which two traits?

a lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments the ability to recognize self MHC proteins

which area of an antibody determines specificity?

antigen-binding site on variable (V) region

The type of recombination whereby several hundred DNA segments are shuffled and combined in various ways to produce antibody genes unique to each clone of B cells is ______ recombination.

somatic

What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?

naive

Which lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow and then finish maturation in the thymus?

Cells that phagocytize antigens and display antigenic fragments on their surface are called ___-presenting cells

antigen

What is it called when mature T-cells become capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs?

immunocompetence

The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.

MHC proteins

During which of the following are self reacting T cells eliminated?

negative T cell selection

which area of an antibody determines its class?

constant (C) region

Which class of cytokines promotes the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells?

interleukins

A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be ___

naive immunocompetent

Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?

antigen-presenting cell

Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?

cytotoxic

Choose all that describe MHC proteins. - MHC proteins are identical in members of the same species - MHC proteins function as self identity markers - MHC proteins present endogenous antigens - MHC proteins present exogenous antigens

MHC proteins function as self identity markers MHC proteins present endogenous antigens MHC proteins present exogenous antigens

To function properly, T cells must have which two traits? - the ability to become anergic - a lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments - the ability to react to self proteins - the ability to recognize self MHC proteins

a lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments the ability to recognize self MHC proteins

T cells that perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity are called ___ T cells.

helper or CD4

True or false: Interleukins are a class of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells which function to promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.

true

Which T cell inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses?

regulatory T cell

What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?

naive

T cells that are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity are called ___ T cells.

memory

T cells that attack foreign cells are ___ T cells

cytotoxic

Which MHC class of proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein?

The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.

MHC proteins

Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?

APCs

Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity?

helper T cell

The process called ___ selection results in the formation of a clone of identical T cells programmed against the same epitope.

clonal

T cells that inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, and thus limit immune responses are called ___ T cells.

regulatory

Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called ______.

clones

Which T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and responsible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen?

memory T cells

What are the 4 substances that cytotoxic T cells secrete to attack and destroy target cells?

perforin granzymes interferons tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Where are type I MHC proteins found?

On all nucleated body cells

Which class of MHC proteins occur only on APCs?

Choose all the reasons why memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again.

There are more of them. There are fewer steps to activation.

Choose all the events that must occur to activate a T cell.

It binds to a foreign antigen presented on an MHC protein. It is costimulated by other surface molecules.

Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?

Humoral

Which describes a clonal population of T cells?

They are identical. They are self-tolerant. They react to the same antigen.

Which T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?

cytotoxic

Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from a ___ T cell to begin the process of clonal selection

helper

Which MHC class of proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein?

Once a B cell binds an antigen, it phagocytizes it and displays antigen fragments on what molecules?

MHC-II proteins

The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.

recall

Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ lymphocytes.

Which cells produce antibodies?

plasma cells

Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called ______.

clones

Choose of of the following ways antibodies function to render antigens harmless.

neutralization complement fixation agglutination precipitation

Place the events of the humoral response in order beginning at the top.

1) immunocompetent B cells bind to an antigen 2) A B cell internalizes an antigen and displays it on MHC-II proteins to TH cells 3) TH cells secrete interleukins which activate the B cell 4) the B cell undergoes clonal selection 5) B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells 6) plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

Choose all that are required for activation of a B cell.

Usually, it must bind a helper T cell. It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors.

Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?

Agglutination

Choose all the reasons why memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again.

There are more of them. There are fewer steps to activation.

Choose all that are characteristics of a primary immune response.

IgM antibodies are formed first. It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen. Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10.

cells that secrete antibodies are called ___ cells

plasma

What is the level of antibody present in the blood plasma called?

antibody tier

Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.

antibodies

Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from a ___ T cell to begin the process of clonal selection.

helper

The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.

agglutination

Choose all that are characteristics of a secondary immune response.

Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3. IgG antibodies are formed first. It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen.

To confirm exposure to an antigen what is measured to demonstrate that an immune response has occurred?

Antibody titer

Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?

Agglutination

which type of antibody is formed first during primary immune response?

IgM

which type of antibody is formed first during primary immune response?

IgM

what are the 4 ways antibodies attack antigens?

(1) neutralization (2) complement fixation (3) agglutination (4) precipitation

describe how antibody attacks antigens: neutralization

antibody covers over pathogenic part of antigen

describe how antibody attacks antigens: complement fixation

antibody binds complement proteins to enemy cell --> inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance, and cytolysis IgM and IgG bind to enemy cells and change shape, exposing their complement-binding sites --> initiates binding of complement to the enemy cell surface and leads to inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance, and cytolysis

describe how antibody attacks antigens: agglutination

antibody clumps enemy cells together --> immobilizes pathogens and prevents them from spreading --> allows neutrophils and macrophages to come and phagocytize clusters of bacteria

describe how antibody attacks antigens: precipitation

antigen molecules (not whole cells) are clumped to antibodies --> form large Ag-Ab complexes --> can be removed by immune clearance or phagocytize by eosinophils

choose all of the substances that cytotoxic T cells secrete to attack and destroy target cells.

interferons perforins tumor necrosis factor granzymes

process where antibodies make molecule insoluble and less mobile is an example of ___

precipitation