Lecture 11 - Respiratory Virology 1

Question 1

what influenza type infects humans

Answer 1

B

Question 2

what influenza type infects humans and pigs

Answer 2

C

Question 3

what influenza type infects cattle and pigs

Answer 3

D

Question 4

T/F: Influenza A infects all mammals

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

what are the two envelope proteins of the flu

Answer 5

H and N

Question 6

describe the makeup of the flu virus

Answer 6

8 segments of RNA “mini genes” enveloped by proteins

Question 7

what is the target of influenza

Answer 7

respiratory epithelium

Question 8

what 2 ways does the flu evolve

Answer 8

1. antigenic drift (point mutation)
2. antigenic shift (reassortment)

Question 9

describe antigenic drift of the flu virus

Answer 9

mutations in envelope proteins allow escape from the immune system

Question 10

describe antigenic shift of the flu virus

Answer 10

sudden reassortment from dual infection

Question 11

H1N1

Answer 11

swine flu
swine to human transmission

Question 12

T/F: pigs are known as the origin of interspecies transmission due to a specific receptor

Answer 12

FALSE - “mixing vessel” due to multiple receptors being present

Question 13

what is the transmission of H1N1

Answer 13

aerosolized respiratory secretions and avian sheds in feces

Question 14

describe the pathogenesis of H1N1 in swine and equine

Answer 14

• local resp. infection
• fever, cough, anorexia
• discharge
• bronchopneumonia

Question 15

what are the different types of alveolar lesions created by the flu

Answer 15

1. atelectasis (collapse)
2. consolidation (inflamed)

Question 16

H5N1

Answer 16

High-path bird flu

Question 17

what species develops a subclinical infection with H5N1

Answer 17

water fowl

Question 18

what is the pathogenesis of H5N1 in birds

Answer 18

clinical infection of turkeys and chicken
mild respiratory disease or severe systemic infection
high disease cost associated

Question 19

T/F: HPAI H5N1 has been found in dairy cattle

Answer 19

True

Question 20

what are the implications of H5N1 being dairy cattle

Answer 20

• human transmission of those in the dairy industry
• cow to cow disease

Question 21

T/F: H5N1 affects dry dairy cows

Answer 21

FALSE - affects lactating cows (decreases production and causes clinical mastitis symptoms)

Question 22

T/F: H5N1 has tropism for udder

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

T/F: HPAI has shown adaptation to different mammals (poultry, alpacas, cats, humans, etc)

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

what was the first sign of H5N1 infecting cows

Answer 24

dead cats who drank raw milk

Question 25

experimental infection of cats with H5N1 showed 4 things

Answer 25

1. cats excreted virus 2. transmitted virus to sentinel cats 3. lung lesions 4. horizontal transmission

Question 26

what is unique about H3N8

Answer 26

equine influenza is zoonotic but is asymptomatic in humans

Question 27

what is the commonality between H3N8 and H3N2? the difference?

Answer 27

common = spread to dogs difference = equine and avian origins respectively

Question 28

control for influenza in horses

Answer 28

frequent vax of high-risk population quarantine procedures

Question 29

control for influenza in swine

Answer 29

no routine vax

Question 30

control for Influenza in avian

Answer 30

quarantine & eradication limit contact with wild birds

Question 31

control for influenza in dogs

Answer 31

vax (inactivated H3N8 and H3N2)

Question 32

control for influenza in cattle

Answer 32

biosafety H5N1 vax

Question 33

T/F: there are 4 genera of coronavirus - alpha, beta, delta, gamma

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

Describe frequent recombination generation

Answer 34

1. polymerase transcribes RNA 2. polymerase dissociates 3. Reassociate at defined sites 4. mixed genome is product

Question 35

SARS stands for

Answer 35

severe acute respiratory syndrome

Question 36

MERS stands for

Answer 36

Middle East respiratory syndrome

Question 37

what is the likely source of coronaviruses

Answer 37

bats

Question 38

what animal has covid infected naturally

Answer 38

cats

Question 39

what mammals are readily infected, symptomatic, and transmit

Answer 39

ferrets and minks

Question 40

T/F: it has been proven there is a secondary spillover linked with covid

Answer 40

FALSE