Lecture 63 - Urogenital Bacteriology 1

Question 1

urobiome

Answer 1

collection of microbes that reside in urogenital tract

Question 2

urinary system

Answer 2

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. bladder
4. urethra

*filter and excrete waste via urine

Question 3

reproductive system

Answer 3

1. ovaries/testes
2. uterus
3. vagina
4. penis

*produce gametes and enable fertilization

Question 4

commensal bacteria

Answer 4

harmless microorganisms that coexist with the host. maintain balanced microbial environment and can prevent colonization by pathogens

Question 5

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 5

microorganisms that can cause infection when the host’s immune system is compromised

Question 6

why is the systems-based approach better than taxonomic

Answer 6

taxonomy does not predict the virulence of disease, but systems-based indicates pathogenesis

Question 7

immune defenses of the urogenital tract

Answer 7

1. mucosal immunity
2. acidic pH
3. physical barriers

Question 8

urogenital pathogenic mechanisms

Answer 8

1. biofilm formation
2. urolith formation
3. adhesions for attachment
4. toxin secretion

Question 9

T/F: lower UTIs are most common bacterial infections in animals

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

what are symptoms of lower UTIs

Answer 10

• stranguria (painful u+)
• pollakiuria (increased U+)
• periuria (inappropriate U+)
• pyuria/hematuria (cloudy/bloody U+)

Question 11

how are lower UTIs diagnosed

Answer 11

1. urine culture
2. urine sensitivity

Question 12

what are the common pathogens of lower UTIs

Answer 12

1. E. Coli
2. Klebsiella
3. Proteus

Question 13

upper UTI symptoms

Answer 13

pyelonephritis vs systemic

• fever
• polyuria/polydipsia
• systemic illness
• flank pain
• renal failure

Question 14

what are the common pathogens of upper UTIs

Answer 14

same as LUTIs + leptospira

Question 15

how are upper UTIs diagnosed

Answer 15

1. urine culture
2. urine sensitivity
3. PCR
4. serology

Question 16

what is different about the antibiotics given in upper UTIs vs lower

Answer 16

antibiotics are required to penetrate the renal parenchyma

Question 17

recurrent UTI

Answer 17

3 or more episodes of UTI in a 12-month period

Question 18

refractory UTI

Answer 18

same organism isolated more than once in the face of appropriate tx

Question 19

relapsing UTI

Answer 19

same organism isolated multiple times with 6-month period with apparent clearance in between positive cultures

Question 20

re-infection

Answer 20

different organism isolated within 6-month period with apparent resolution of previous infection

Question 21

what are examples of reproductive infections

Answer 21

1. pyometra
2. infertility/stillborn/abortion
3. contagious equine metritis

Question 22

how can reproductive infections be diagnosed

Answer 22

1. culture
2. PCR
3. serology

Question 23

what bacteria causes contagious equine metritis

Answer 23

taylorella equigenitalis

Question 24

where can samples be collected from when reproductive infection is suspected

Answer 24

1. urine - cysto, cath
2. vaginal, preputial, or uterine swabs
3. semen samples
4. prostatic fluid
5. tissue biopsy
6. abomasal fluid from aborted fetus
7. peripheral blood

Question 25

what media should each pathogen be cultured on? a. T. equigenitalis b. brucella spp. c. mycoplasma spp. 1. castaneda agar 2. chocolate agar 3. mycoplasma agar

Answer 25

a = 2 b = 1 c = 3

Question 26

wet mount microscopy

Answer 26

direct observation of bacteria, RBC, WBC, crystals, etc.

Question 27

gram or other staining

Answer 27

rapid differentiation of bacteria in samples

Question 28

sediment cytology

Answer 28

identification of intracellular bacteria

Question 29

what are serological tests for reproductive infection

Answer 29

1. latex agglutination & rose Bengal test 2. ELISA 3. microscopic agglutination test 4. immunofluorescence assay

Question 30

bacterial resistance vs. resilience

Answer 30

resistance is the use, overuse, and misuse of antibiotics that selectively pressure bacteria to become resistant and proliferate whereas resilience is the pathogenic evasion mechanisms

Question 31

T/F: many urogenital infections are caused by zoonotic organisms

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

what are barriers to urogenital infection

Answer 32

1. normal micturition 2. normal development of anatomic structures 3. mucosal defense barriers 4. antimicrobial properties of urine 5. systemic immune competence

Question 33

uromodulin

Answer 33

tamm-horsfall mucoproteins

Question 34

abnormal micturition

Answer 34

1. changes in urine volume (Cushing's and CKD) 2. urinary retention (IVDD and DUD) 3. urinary continence (sphincter incompetence)

Question 35

abnormal anatomic structures

Answer 35

1. urethral abnormalities (prostatic disease, urethritis) 2. urothelial disease (neoplasia, polyploid cystitis) 3. abnormal development (recessed vulva, ectopic ureters, pooling of urine) 4. foreign objects bypass anatomy (urinary cath, tube cystostomy, perineal urethrostomy)

Question 36

what influences the mucosal defense system

Answer 36

1. breakdown of GAG layer 2. sequestration of bacteria from the immune system 3. local immune suppression

Question 37

abnormal urine composition

Answer 37

1. minimal concentration 2. glucosuria 3. +/- proteinuria

Question 38

systemic immune suppression

Answer 38

1. medications (steroid or cyclosporine) 2. hyperadrenocorticism 3. diabetes