Lecture 12

Question 1

Prokaryotes are prt of which domains

Answer 1

BACTERIA and archaea

Question 2

What are the most abundant organisms on earth

Answer 2

Prokaryotes

Question 3

Where can we find prokaryotes

Answer 3

Air
Soil
Water
On plants
On/in animals
Polar ice caps
Deep sea hydrothermal vents

Question 4

General prokaryotes structure

Answer 4

1. Unicellular, small
2. No nucleus
3. One circular chromosome as genome
4. Cell wall (most)
5. Diff ribosome structure
6. Asexual reproduction

Question 5

Similarities of prokaryotes with eukaryotes

Answer 5

Both have dna
Both membrane bound
Both have ribosomes

Question 6

E or P? Has nucleus

Answer 6

Eukaryote

Question 7

E or P which is larger on average

Answer 7

Eukaryotes

Question 8

E or P have membrane bound organelles

Answer 8

Eukaryote

Question 9

E or P, circular structure of DNA and have less (other is linear)

Answer 9

Prokaryotic

Question 10

E or P have cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

Answer 10

Prokaryotic

Question 11

E or P divides by binary fission (other is mitosis)

Answer 11

Projaryotic

Question 12

Three main shapes of bacteria

Answer 12

Sphere = cocci
Rods = bacilli
Spirals

Question 13

Most prokaryotes are unicellular but some form

Answer 13

Colonies

Question 14

Types of coccus arrangements

Answer 14

Coccus = single
Diplococci = 2 together
Streptococci = chains
Clusters = staphlococci

Question 15

Types of bacillus arrangement

Answer 15

Bacillus = single rod
Diplobacilli = 2 together
Streptobacil = chains

Question 16

Spirochetes (spirals)

Answer 16

Motile, have a unique axial filament that rotates

Question 17

Some spirochetes are human parasites, some are

Answer 17

Pathogens

Question 18

Most prokaryotic are how much diameter

Answer 18

1-10 um

Question 19

All prokayotic cells contain

Answer 19

1. Dna free in nucleoid region
2. Cell membrane, cytoplasm, robosomes
3. Cell wall

Question 20

Many prokaryotic cells may also have

Answer 20

1. Outer capsules made of polysaccharides or protein
2. Flagella/pilli
3. Plasmids

Question 21

Plasmids

Answer 21

Small circular molecules of dna that carry a small number of genes

Question 22

Capsules functions

Answer 22

1. Protects cell from drying
2. Helps cell stick or attach to things (bc adhesive nature)
3. Protects cell from WBC destruction

Question 23

What is a colony

Answer 23

Visible mass of microorganismes all originating from a single cell, constitues a clone of bacteria all genetically alike

Question 24

Colonies can be used to identify bacterias bc

Answer 24

Diff soecies can produce diff colonies

Question 25

In binary fission, cell grows while

Answer 25

Dna replicates (for daughter to receive exact copy of dna)

Question 26

Some species could double every minute if there was optimal growth conditions but

Answer 26

Doesn't occur

Question 27

Genetic variation in prokaryotes result of their

Answer 27

Rapid reproduction and mutation (rare)

Question 28

Mutations(rare) can still wuickly increase gen diversity in species with

Answer 28

Short generation times and large populations

Question 29

Does meiosis occur in bacteria

Answer 29

No

Question 30

Bacteria can do what gene transfer

Answer 30

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 31

What is horizontal gene transfer

Answer 31

Mvmt of one or more genes from one species to another

Question 32

Three types of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 32

1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction

Question 33

Hor gen transf: transformation

Answer 33

Can pick up pieces of dna from surroundings

Question 34

Hor gen transf: conjugation

Answer 34

Transfere gen material between two bacterial cells(temporarily joined) via sex pillus

Question 35

Hor gen transf: transduction

Answer 35

From a virus

Question 36

Role of fimbriae

Answer 36

Adhere to one another/host cells/substances in eviro Surface attachment

Question 37

Function of flagellum

Answer 37

Propels the cell Organ of locomotion

Question 38

Function of pili

Answer 38

- motility - dna transfer (sexual pili in conjugation)

Question 39

What is an endospore

Answer 39

Dormant though non-reproductive structure

Question 40

Function of endospore

Answer 40

Ensure survival of bacterium through periods of environmental stress: -when enviro unfavourable, forms -survive very dry/hot/Frozen enviro -hydrate and revive when water available

Question 41

Three important roles if bacteria

Answer 41

1. Decomposers 2. Pathogens 3. Mutualistic symbionts

Question 42

Decomposers role

Answer 42

Decomposition or organic materials and recycling of nutrients

Question 43

Pathogens role

Answer 43

Cause diseases (syphilis, plague, lyme disease...), prokaryotes are the most common animal pathogens, antibiotics exist to kill them

Question 44

Mutualistic symbionts (herbivores)

Answer 44

Have enzymes to break down what animals don't (ex plants which contain cellulose)

Question 45

Mutualistic symbionts in humans

Answer 45

Microbiota/microbiome

Question 46

What contributes to homeostasis and regulating immune function in human host

Answer 46

Microbial communities

Question 47

Gut microbiota(most significant microbiota) function

Answer 47

Aid in digestion, protection against pathogens, simulating immune response, vitamin production

Question 48

Where can we find microbiota

Answer 48

Gut, oral, vagina, skim, respiratory

Question 49

Human well-being can depend on

Answer 49

Mutualistic prokaryotes