1. Passageway for food and air 2. Resonating chamber for sounds 3. Houses tonsils (lymphatic tissue for immune response)

Lecture 16 Flashcards by Zoé Lauzé

To produce ATP, you need

Oxygen

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Oxygen accounts for how much of the air that surrounds us?

~21% (1/5th)

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How much air in a normal breath

500ml

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When we inhale, oxygen gets into lungs, some o2 molecules in that air diffuse into blood passing through lungs, once in the blood, oxygen molecules do what

Enter RBC and bind to hemoglobin proteins (blood leaving lungs is now oxygenated)

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Oxygenated blood from lungs returns where

To heart to be pumped out to rest of body

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The process of cellular respiration produce what

Significant amount of carbon dioxyde as a waste product

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Our cells constantly produce this bc of cellular respiration

CO2

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The co2 produced by cell enters nearby blood vessel, transported back to heart,

Pumped out to lungs, diffuses out of blood and exhaled into atmosphere

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Why is it important to get rid of co2

Bc reacts with water to create carbonic acid-> too much decreases pH and put in state of acidosis (potentially lead to death)

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Respiratory syst main functions

Provide oxygen to blood for transport in body
Removes co2 from blood

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Secondary respiratory syst functions

Olfaction (olfactory receptors for smell)
Speech (verbal communication)
Helps control pH balance (breathing air)
Excretion of some moisture/heat (water/temp regulation)
Filters, warms and moistens air

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Upper respiratory tract (nose) consists of

External visible and internal portion inside skull

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Nose external portion lined with

Epithelium and hairs

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Internal portion of nose contains

Tissues lined with mucous membrane containing ciliated epithelium

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Role of internal portion tissue of nose

Filters air
Warming air
Moistens air
Detects smell
Modify speech sounds

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Air enters nostrils, dust trapped by hair, air flows over areas lined with highly folded/vascukarized muc membranes, blood in vessels warms air, mucus aids in moistening air/trapping dust, and cilia…

Moves dust and mucus DOWN to pharynx to be swallowed

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How does nose detect smell

Olfactory receptors in nose connects to nervous system

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Pharynx

Passageway for food and air
Resonating chamber for sounds
Houses tonsils (lymphatic tissue for immune response)

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Pharynx 3 subdivisions

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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Nasopharynx

Upper part of pharynx lined with cilia that moves dust and mucus to mouth

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Oropharynx

Middle part of pharynx, opens into mouth on one end, contains 2 pairs of tonsils

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Laryngopharynx

Lowest part of pharynx, connects to esophagus and larynx

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Larynx is a short tube of

Cartilage lined by mucous membrane and connects laryngopharynx eith trachea

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Voice production mechanism (by larynx)

Vocal cords in larynx vibrate due to air from lungs blowing past, vibration creates sound

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Ventral wall of larynx consists of

Thyroid cartilage (adam's apple bc bigger in male bc of testosterone at puberty)

Dorsal from thryroid cartilage in larynx is

Epiglottis (cartilage covered in epithelium), prevents food from entering larynx from laryngopharynx

Food and liquid only go in esophagus or else

Chocking occurs (cough reflex)

Swallowing mechanism

Laryngopharynx and larynx rise -> elevation causes epiglottis to close over it

Trachea extends from

Larynx to primary bronchi

Function of trachae

Transport air to left and right bronchi

Trachea made of

Walls lined with ciliated epithilium and mucous-secreting cells, supported by cartilage

Tracheal cilia moves dust in what direction

UP toward pharynx

16-20 C shaped rings of cartilage in trachea open dorsally facing esophagus for it to

Expand during swallowing

How do trachea 16-20 rings remain open without collapsing

Cartilage provides rigidity necessary

What lines nasal cavity/superior portion of pharynx/trachea/bronchi/large bronchioles

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithilum

Cilia of epithelium in trachea does what

Sweep debris away from lungs and back in throat to be swallowed

R and L (primary) bronchi composition

Surrounded by cartilage rings and made of ciliated epithelium

Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi (one for each lobe) describe the lobes

Right lung has 3 lobes -> 3 sec bronchi Left lung has 2 lobes -> 2 sec bronchi

Lobar bronchi divide into

Tertiary bronchi, then bronchioles, then terminal bronchioles

As bronchi get smaller, cartilage rings become plates and smooth muscle nb in tube increases. Eventually,

Bronchi subdivide in very small bronchioles -> lack cartilage. Those subdivide and terminate on alveolar sacs (consist of many alveoli)

Alveolus is

Functional unit of lung where gas exchange is performed between air and blood

Air from terminal bronchiole subdivides into

A few respiratory bronchioles

Each respiratory bronchioles bring air to

Alveolar sac via alveolar ducts (consists of several alveoli)

Each alveolus is surrounded by its own____ which allows ____

Capillary bed, gas exchange across thin alveolar walls

The walls of alveolus is

Extremely thin to enable gas exchange

O2 and co2 cross plasma membrane(cells) of alveolar walls and cells of capillaries by

Simple diffusion

Each alveolus consists of

1. Pneumocytes type I 2. Pneumocytes type II 3. Alveolar macrophages 4. Extensive network of pulmonary capillaries

Pneumocytes type I/alveolar cells

For gas exchange, thin squamous epithelial cells, line alveolar wall

Pneumocytes type II/surfactant-secreting cells

Secrete surfactant (alveolar fluid) -> contains phospholipids and prots. Coats thin layer of water that lines inside of alveoli.

Water is absolutely necessary for gas exchange bc

Gases must dissolve in fluid before diffuse across membrane

Surfactant prevents what by reducing formation of H-bonds between h2o molecules

Alveolar collapse and lowers energy needed to inflate lungs during respiration

Alveolar macrophages

From immune system, phagocytes moving around inside alveoli to remove dust and debris from them

Around each alveolus is

And extensive network of pulmonary capillaries

What is surfactant

Mixture of proteins and phospholipids that type II alveolar cells form

Functions of surfactant

1. Reding surface tension 2. Keeping alveoli open 3. Modulating immune response

Surfactant reduces surface tension

Prevents alveolar collapse at end of exhalation

Surfactant keeps alveoli open

Keeps alveoli dry, clean, open

Surfactant modulates immune response

Interacts and kills pathogens/prevents their spread

Respiratory membrane size

Very thin, 0,5 um thick, ~1/16 diameter of RBC for rapid diffusion of gases

Respiratory membrane kocation

From alveolar space to blood plasma

4 layers of respiratory membrane

1. Type I alveolar cells (type II and associated macrophages) -> alveolar wall 2. Epithelial basement membrane (underlies alveolar wall) 3. Capillary basement membrane (often fused to epithelial basement) 4. Capillary endothelium

A basement membrane is a

Layer of connective tissue

Right lung has a greater

Volume than left lung (10% bigger)

Left lung has indentation called

Cardiac notch, on medial surface for apex of heart

Lobes if lungs are separated by

Fissures

Oblique fissures in left lung

Divides it into superior and inferior lobes

Oblique and horizontal fissures divide right lung into

Superior, middle and inferior lobes

Each lung is surrounded by

Double-layered pleural membranes

Outer layer of pleural membrane

Parietal pleural: lines ribcage,attach to wall of thoracic cavity and diaphragm to cover diaphragm upper surface

Inner layer of pleural membranes

Visceral pleura: attached to/covers lungs

In between double-layered pleural membranes

Pleural cavity (contains fluid secreted by membranes)

Function of fluid in pleural cavity

Reduce friction between membranes during breathing

What is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Breathing disorder in premature newborns where alveoli doesn't remain open bc lack of surfactant

RDS surface tension of alveolar fluid greatly increased so

Many alveoli collapse at end of exhalation. Great effort is needed at next inhalation to reopen it

The more premature newborn, the more risk of

RDS

Symptoms of RDS

Laboured and irregular breathing, nostrils flaring while inhaling, grunting while exhaling, blue skin color

In mild RDS, supplemental o2 administered through

Oxygen hood or tube in nose

In severe RDS, O2 administered in

Continuous positive airway pressure through tubes in nostrils or face mask, surfactant administered directly to lungs

Lecture 16 Flashcards

(78 cards)