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Lecture 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a virus

A

An infectious agent (toxin or poison)

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2
Q

Can a virus grow or reproduce itself?

A

No

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3
Q

What is the only characteristic of life that viruses have/can do

A

Evolution

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4
Q

How do viruses make more viruses

A

They use the host replication system

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5
Q

What do viral particles include

A

Genetic material (either rna or dna)
Capsid (protein coat, protects from enviro and immune syst)
Attachement proteins (allows virus to bind and enter host cells)

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6
Q

Three functions of capsid

A

Protects, attach to host cell, penetrates host cell membrane (to possibly inject its nucleic acid)

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7
Q

What do viruses attach to through attachment proteins

A

A specific receptor site on host cell membrane

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8
Q

Attachement of viruses to membrane determines what

A

The host and its cells that can be infected by a particular virus

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9
Q

Metaphor for virus attachment

A

Lock and key (only one fits specific one)

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10
Q

For a virus to infect the host cell, outer surface of virus must

A

chemically interact with receptor sites on surface of host cell

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11
Q

Viruses are host specific meaning

A

Binding proteins on virus bunds to specific receptors on specific cells in specific host species.

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12
Q

Once inside the cell, the viral nucleic acid can

A

Take over the cell and direct it

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13
Q

Once virus binds to receptor it either

A

Enters cell or injects its nucleic acid

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14
Q

In cell, protein coat released and viral nucleic acid will replicate by

A

Using machinery of cell

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15
Q

What are some of the smallest infectious agents known

A

Viruses

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16
Q

New copies of original virus are made by

A

Viral genes that take command of host metabolic pathways

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17
Q

When enough copies of viral nucleic acid and coat made,

A

Virus is assembled and released

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18
Q

When virus released,

A

Kills host cell and infects other cell

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19
Q

Examples of viral diseases

A

Cold, influenza, chicken pox, aids, hepatitis b

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20
Q

Most viral infections get resolved how

A

Without antiviral medications

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21
Q

Antivirals are prescribed tk treat

A

Chronic of life threatening viruses
(Ebola, flu, herpes…)

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22
Q

How antiviral medication works

A
  1. Prevents virus from attaching/entering healthy cell
  2. Prevents viral nuc acid from being copied
  3. Prevents viral proteins from being produced
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23
Q

Mechanism of action (moa) fusion inhibitors

A

Interfere with binding or entry of virus

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24
Q

Moa Genetic copying prevention

A

Prevents host cell from making viral nuc acid

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25
Moa Viral prot production
Inhibits formation of viral proteins-> vital for reproduction of virus
26
Moa Viral release inhibitor
Keeps virus from leaving cell
27
First vaccine story
Material from cowpox virus injected in 8yo boy -> protection provided to save people from outbreaks
28
Vaccines work how
They train our immune system to detect and attack pathogens
29
When new pathogen enters body, it introduces what
Antigen, causes immun syst to form antibodies
30
What are antibodies
Body's took for identifying and targeting invader
31
For every new pathogens/antigens, body needs to
Build specific antibodies
32
Person is susceptible to illness when
Immune syst needs time to respond/produce new antibodies to fight back
33
A vaccine is a substance that is designed to
Mimic a pathogen and its antigens
34
Immune syst triggers what when foreign microbes invade
Series of response in attempt to identify/remove from body
35
Signs that immune response is working
Coughing, sneezing, inflammation, fever...
36
Sings of sickness (cough, fever...) work to
Trap, deter and rid body of threats like bacteria
37
Immune responses trigger second line of defense called
Adaptive immunity
38
In adaptive immunity, what cells are recruited
B cells and T cells
39
B cells
Create antibodies
40
T cells
Detect and destroy pathogens
41
Adaptive immunity produces kong lived memory cells which results in
Immunity
42
What do memory cells do
Lie in wait ready to use right antibodies and killer T cells if pathogen is seen again
43
Vaccines trigger what
Body's adaptive immune system
44
Vaccine isn't infectious itself but has the job of
Teaching body to build specific antibody
45
Types of vaccines
1. Inactive 2. Live attenuated 3. Subunit or recombinant 4. DNA/mRNA
46
Inactive vaccine contain
Killed pathogen
47
Inactive vaccine mechanism
Take live pathogen, kill it, when introduced to human, inactivated pathogen is strong enough to create immune response but not cause disease
48
Inactive vaccine might need
Multiple doses
49
Live attenuated vaccines contain
Much weaker and tamer version of pathogen
50
How do pathogens in live attenuated vaccines work
Not strong enough to cause disease but can trigger strong immune response
51
Bc strong immune response in live attenuated vaccines (leaves behind memory cells),
Can provide lifetime protection after 1-2 doses
52
Downside of live attenuated vaccines
Weaker immune systems can't have them and inactive vaccines dont create ling lasting protection
53
What does subunit/recombinant vaccine contain
Only part of the pathogen
54
Subunit/rec vaccines are good bc
Not infectious (lack genetic info to replicate) so safe for weak immune systems
55
Subunit/rec vaccines require
Multiple shots
56
Parts of virus used in subunit/rec vaccines
Proteins, polysaccharide chains or mix of the two
57
Rna/dna vaccines contain
Genes that make antigens needed to trigger immune response
58
In rna/dna vaccines, cells have machinery to take genetic material and
Use it to make antigens (pathogen proteins) which are displayed on outside of cell
59
When antigens displayed outside of cell in rna/dna vaccines, immune cells do what
See the pathogen proteins and reacts as if infected
60
Why dna/rna vaccin not dangerous
Bc only genetic material, no other ingredients that could develop into disease and harm
61
Scientists designed mrna molecules that
Use protein making machinery to train body to fight virus
62
For covid-19 vaccine, mrna molecule
Mimics one part of spike protein (cant give you virus)
63
Covid: spike mrna gets inside cell and is treated
Like any other mrna message in cells -> prot building machinery reads it and builds part of spike encoded by mrna vaccine
64
Covid: after builds spike protein from mrna vaccine, the spike prot is
Recognized by immune syst and makes antibodies. Spike mrna i eventually unstable and destroyed
65
Covid: over time, immune syst becomes less alert to spike prot if not infected, so
Another dose boosts alertness, longer lasting immune cells build memory of spike prot and recognize it faster and more efficiently
66
After multiple doses of mrna vaccine for covid, if gets infected,
quickly recognized and triggers large immune response by immune cells to prevent severe illness and successfully fight off infection
67
When virus replicates, undergoes copying errors which are
Mutations
68
Virus mutations alter virus surface proteins (antigens) so
Hard for immune syst to recognize
69
When virus mutates, how to fight it off
New vaccines (ex flu every year)
70
Herd immunity is when
Large percentage of population is immune to disease
71
How does herd immunity work
Disrupts chain of infection
72
How does herd immunity disrupt chain of infection
If virus tries to infect immune person, it dies -> chain is broken bc hard to reach vulnerable ones if keeps dying
73
If vaccination rates drops,
Risk that viruses reappear
74
Viruses can eradicate completely if
Herd immunity is maintained long enough
75
Example of eradicated virus
Smallpox
76
Who can't get vaccines
Serious underlying health conditions that weaken immune syst (cancer, hiv)
77
Herd immunity protects those who
Can't vaccinate
78
Flu virus characteristics
1, respiratory disease 2. Highly contagious 3. Can spread 1 day prior to symptoms/seven days after symptoms appear 4. Spread via cough/sneeze
79
Why flu season in winter 1
Bc indoors, more close contact which promotes transmission
80
Why flu season in winter 2
Influenza virus survives better in cold/drier (moisture from droplets evaporates more in dry air, so whisked away in air currents and floats around for days until gets breathed in)
81
Epidemic
-Outbreak affecting many people in population and spreads rapidly -considered epidemic if certain nb of people within short time period (~2 weeks)
82
Pandemic
-larger epidemic, covers several countries/continents -nb people doesn't matter more than rate of spread and how far it spread

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