Lecture 23

Question 1

Communication between cells is essential to

Answer 1

Coordinate homeostatic response

Question 2

Nervous syst uses what to communicate, allowing very quick communication between receptor effector and cc

Answer 2

Electrical signals

Question 3

Endocrine uses what to communicate bet cells rather than electrical impulses

Answer 3

Signal molecules (hormones)

Question 4

Hormones in blood sugar regulation

Answer 4

Glucagon and insulin

Question 5

Blood glucose rises steps

Answer 5

1. Stimulus: blood glucose rises
2. Beta cells in pancreas release insulin in blood
3. Insulin tells liver and body cells to take up glucose
4. Liver stores it as glycogen
5. Blood glucose level declines
6. Homeostasis

Question 6

Blood glucose drops steps

Answer 6

1. Stimulus: blood glucose drops
2. Alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon in blood
3. Glucagon tells liver to break down glycogen to release glucose
4. Blood glucose level rises
5. Homeostasis

Question 7

Nervous vs endocrine (N vs E): method of communication

Answer 7

N: electrical impulses and neurotransmitters
E: hormones

Question 8

N vs E: speed of communication

Answer 8

N: very fast (milliseconds)
E: fast to slow (seconds to minutes)

Question 9

N vs E: duration of effect

Answer 9

N: very short duration (ex muscle contraction)
E: longer, ranges from seconds to days (ex menstrual cycle)

Question 10

N vs E: responses voluntarily/involuntarily

Answer 10

N: voluntary or involuntary
E: involuntary only

Question 11

N vs E: potential effectors

Answer 11

N: all muscle types and glands (both exocrine and endocrine)
E: any cell in body (the provided cell has receptors for at least one hormone)

Question 12

Hormone communication is performed by

Answer 12

Secreting and receiving hormones

Question 13

what are called cells that secrete hormones

Answer 13

Endocrine cells (part of a grp of similar cells within an endocrine gland)

Question 14

Hormones circulating steps

Answer 14

1. Hormone secreted by endocrine cell
2. Enters blood via capillary
3. Travels throughout cardio syst
4. Reaches many/all tissues of body
5. ONLY cells with receptors for that hormone will respond to it (target cells)

Question 15

Target cells

Answer 15

1. Cell that has a specific receptor on/in it for a hormone to bind to
2. Can be located anywhere, many target cells for particular hormones
3. Target cells can have receptors for different types of hormones

Question 16

Glands of endocrine system

Answer 16

1. Pineal gland
2. Pituitary gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. Parathyroid glands
5. Adrenal glands
6. Pancreas
7. Testis/ovary

Question 17

What is the control center of endocrine system

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

Hypothalamus targets what gland

Answer 18

Pituitary (in turn influences numerous body functions)

Question 19

What integrates both nervous and endocrine systems

Answer 19

Hypothetically

Question 20

Pituitary gland referred to as

Answer 20

Master gland (bc controls large portion of endocrine activity)

Question 21

What gland secretes several different hormones that regulate several different glands/organs

Answer 21

Pituitary

Question 22

Pituitary gland lobes

Answer 22

Anterior and posterior

Question 23

Anterior lobe pituitary gland hormones

Answer 23

1. Musculoskeletal: GH (growth hormone)
2. Mammary glands: PRL (prolactin )
3. Ovary: FSH (follicule-stimulating hormone), gonadotropin
4. Testis: LH (luteinizing hormone), gonadotropin

Question 24

Posterior lobe pituitary gland hormones

Answer 24

1. Kidney: ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
2. Uterus: OXT (Oxytocin)

Question 25

Childbirth oxytocin steps

Answer 25

1. Head of baby pushes against cervix 2. Nerve impulses from cervix transmitted to brain 3. Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin 4. Oxytocin carried in bloodstream to uterus 5. Oxytocin stimulates uterus contractions and push baby towards cervix

Question 26

Relationship between nervous and endocrine in childbirth

Answer 26

When head pushes on cervix, sensory neuron sends impulse to hypothalamus that tells pituitary to release oxytocin

Question 27

ADH tells kidney what

Answer 27

How much water to conserve

Question 28

Kidneys adjust amount if water put in urine based on

Answer 28

Amount of ADH secreted by pituitary gland

Question 29

When dehydrated, little water in urine bc

Answer 29

ADH secreted, which tells nephrons to retain water in blood

Question 30

When well hydrated, ADH secreted or not

Answer 30

No, kidney produce very diluted urine

Question 31

Alcohol inhibits what

Answer 31

ADH secretion, so inability to retain water even when dehydrated

Question 32

Color of urine/ADH relation

Answer 32

More ADH = less water in urine = dark color

Question 33

Hormones controlling secretion and processes of body's reproductive organs (ex menstrual cycle)

Answer 33

Gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

Question 34

What does growth hormone do

Answer 34

Stimulates growth, increase in cell size and number of

Question 35

GH conditions (treated with growth hormones in lab)

Answer 35

1. Gigantism: high production of GH in childhood when bones still growing 2. Pituitary dwarfism: insufficient production of GH in childhood

Question 36

When insuline released, reaches cells with receptors that detect it and will allow glucose to enter them by

Answer 36

facilitated diffusion

Question 37

Insulin target cells

Answer 37

Liver, muscle and fat cells (make glucose into glycogen)

Question 38

Target cells of glucagon

Answer 38

Liver cells only (release glucose back in body by hydrolysis of glycogen)

Question 39

Antagonistic hormones are

Answer 39

Pairs of hormones that trigger exact opposite responses Ex glucagon and insulin

Question 40

Type 1 DM

Answer 40

Pancreas cells destroyed by own immune syst (autoimmune disorders), so failure to produce insulin

Question 41

Type 2 DM

Answer 41

Cells fail to respond to insulin, risk factors to develop it include HTN, obesity, lack of exercise

Question 42

In both cases of DM, cells don't take glucose from blood, so very high which can lead to

Answer 42

High bp and if untreated, widespread damage of capillaries/surrounding tisues

Question 43

When stressed (sympathetic response), electrical impulse sent to adrenal gland to

Answer 43

Secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) into blood which intensifies stress response

Question 44

Kidneys and adrenal glands function

Answer 44

Independently