Lecture 22

Question 1

What are the two major control centres of human body

Answer 1

Nervous and endocrine

Question 2

What does the nervous system do

Answer 2

Receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to organs

Question 3

Brain contains many of the

Answer 3

Homeostatic control centres

Question 4

3 basic functions of nervous system

Answer 4

1. Sensing
2. Integrating
3. Controlling

Question 5

Sensing function

Answer 5

Receptors of body detect stimuli and send information to CNS

Question 6

Integrating function

Answer 6

Sensory info received and processed, complex integration involves connecting sensory info with memories and emotions

Question 7

Controlling function

Answer 7

Motor neurons send info to diff effectors (muscle or glands) to produce response likely conductive to survival

Question 8

Neurons are

Answer 8

Very large cells capable of receiving/sending electrical signals bet two locations within body

Question 9

Neuroglial cells

Answer 9

Smaller than neurons, remove waste, assist neurons in receiving/sending electrical signals

Question 10

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 10

Consists of all nerves, ganglia (grp of nerves) and sensory receptors

Question 11

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 11

Consists of spinal cord and brain

Question 12

CNS is in charge of

Answer 12

1. Receiving, integrating, processing info of sensory division
2. Sending command signals to effectors through motor division (somatic/autonomic)

Question 13

Homeostatic control centers of body in CNS receives info and evaluates to

Answer 13

Determine whether a response should be sent to a specific effector

Question 14

A homeostatic control center within CNS is

Answer 14

Grp of neurons that receive/process sensory info detected from specific receptors in body sent via PNS

Question 15

When info received by homeostatic cc is out of range,

Answer 15

Control center send out signal to effector

Question 16

Forebrain components

Answer 16

1. Cerebrum
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus

Question 17

Hindbrain components (brain stem)

Answer 17

1. Pons
2. Medulla
3. Cerebellum

Question 18

Forebrain contains the control centers for

Answer 18

1. Thermoregulation
2. Emotions
3. Conscious perception
4. Voluntary motor control
5. Language
6. Highest-level processing (ethics, abstract)

Question 19

Hypothalamus regulates

Answer 19

1. Bp
2. HR
3. RR
4. Digestion
5. Body temp

Question 20

Hypothalamus coordinates nervous and endocrine through

Answer 20

Its connection with pituitary gland

Question 21

Midbrain

Answer 21

Only structure in midbrain
Superior to pons, inferior to thalamus
Plays crucial role in processing visual and auditory signals

Question 22

Medulla and pons contain control center for

Answer 22

Basic homeostatic mechanisms (ex heart rate and breathing rate)

Question 23

Cerebellum crucial for

Answer 23

1. Execution of fine mvmts
2. Maintaining balance and posture
3. General coordination of mvmts

Question 24

Why is spinal cord in CNS

Answer 24

Bc also in charge of processing and integrating some info (ex reflexes)

Question 25

Nerves consist of

Answer 25

Bundles of neurons cells packaged in connective tissue

Question 26

Each neuron can send info from

Answer 26

1. Sensory receptor to CNS 2. From CNS to effector

Question 27

PNS does not process info or "make decisions", so it is like

Answer 27

Network of electrical highways that lead to and from organs of CNS

Question 28

In what direction do neurons send electrical signals

Answer 28

One direction (always the same)

Question 29

Types of neurons

Answer 29

1. From receptor to CNS: sensory neuron 2. From CNS to effector: motor neuron

Question 30

Nerve structure

Answer 30

Bundle of bundles of neuron fibers (neuron's axon which is longest extension of neuron cell)

Question 31

Nerves important for respiratory system

Answer 31

Phrenic and thoracic nerves

Question 32

Motor neurons divisions

Answer 32

1. Somatic nervous syst (to skeletal muscles) 2. Autonomic nervous syst (to smooth. Cardiac muscles, glands and adipose)

Question 33

Two subsystems of autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic

Question 34

The effectors that parasympathetic/sympathetic systems control are

Answer 34

All the same (with few exceptions) Ex: cardiac muscle slows or increase depending in which system)

Question 35

Sympathetic NS =

Answer 35

Fight or flight (stressful situations)

Question 36

Effectors receiving sympathetic stimulation include

Answer 36

All involuntary effectors Ex smooth/cardiac muscles, various glands Theses responses get body on alert

Question 37

Sympathetic NS called fight or flight bc

Answer 37

In past, threats were primarily physical rather than psychological

Question 38

Sympathetic response: inhibition of digestive system

Answer 38

Smooth muscles signaled to relax

Question 39

Sympathetic response: cardiac output

Answer 39

Cardiac muscle signaled to contract at higher frequency Smooth muscle in bv cause vasoconstriction

Question 40

Sympathetic response: bronchodilation

Answer 40

Smooth muscle in bronchiolar walls relax to decrease airway resistance

Question 41

Sympathetic response: inhibition of urination

Answer 41

Smooth muscle in bladder relaxed

Question 42

Sympathetic response: hormonal stress response

Answer 42

Stimulates secretion of adrenaline (epinephrine) into blood

Question 43

Specific sympathetic responses

Answer 43

1. Inhibition of digestive system 2. Increased cardiac output 3. Bronchodilator 4. Inhibition of urination 5. Trigger of hormonal stress response

Question 44

Parasympathetic specific responses

Answer 44

1. Increase in digestive activity (more peristalsis) 2. Decrease in cardiac output (decreased HR and vasodilation) 3. Bronchoconstriction 4. Promotion of urination (if bladder partially full)

Question 45

Parasympathetic system =

Answer 45

Rest and digest/relaxation

Question 46

Sensory (afferent) division consists of neurons that

Answer 46

Conduct electrical impulses from receptors to organs of CNS