Lecture 8

Question 1

Mitochondria

Answer 1

Site of cellular respiration

Question 2

What is cellular respiration

Answer 2

A metabolic process that uses O2 to make ATP (E) for cell functions from food

Question 3

Mitochondria is or is not in the endomembrane system

Answer 3

Is not

Question 4

Which cells have more mitochondria

Answer 4

Muscle tissues (require high amounts of energy)

Question 5

Cytoskeleton is

Answer 5

Network of protein fibers that give shape/structure to cells

Question 6

Up to 1/3 of cell’s protein content is used for

Answer 6

Cytoskeleton

Question 7

3 types of protein rods (cytoskeleton)

Answer 7

1. Microtubules (largest in diameter)
2. Microfilaments (smallest)
3. Intermediate filaments (medium)

Question 8

Microtubules look like

Answer 8

Thick hallow protein tubes

Question 9

What has this function? Gives cell shape and support

Answer 9

Microtubules

Question 10

What enables cells to change shape (can extend/contract, very dynamic)

Answer 10

Microtubules

Question 11

What is involved in communication into/out of cell by interacting with plasma membrane prots

Answer 11

Microtubules

Question 12

What serves as tracks along which organelles (vesicles) can move (with motor proteins)

Answer 12

Microtubules

Question 13

What do microtubules form

Answer 13

Flagella, cilia and centrosomes

Question 14

What is a flagella

Answer 14

Has undulating motion that generates force, cells have one of a few

Question 15

What is cilia (ex trachea or fallopian tubes)

Answer 15

Work like oars, occur in large numbers

Question 16

Centrosomes are composed of

Answer 16

2 centrioles

Question 17

What is a centrosome

Answer 17

Responsible for moving chromosomes and pulling cell apart during divison

Question 18

Function of microfilaments

Answer 18

Help support cell’s shape, involved in cell motility (muscle contraction (actin filaments))

Question 19

Intermediate filaments function

Answer 19

Maintenance of cell shape

Question 20

Three types of cell junctions

Answer 20

1. Tight junction
2. Desmosome
3. Gap/communication junction

Question 21

Which junction prevents leakages of fluid across layer of cells by forming seals around and makes us water tight (junctions between skin cells)

Answer 21

Tight junctions

Question 22

Which junction attaches cells to e/o and to ECM so that they remain part of tissues, linked to cytoskeleton, don’t stop passage of materials between cells

Answer 22

Desmosome

Question 23

Which junction are channels connecting cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing for communication (ex pancreas cells communicate so secrete insulin at same time)

Answer 23

Communicating junctions

Question 24

Where is the extracellular Matrix

Answer 24

Outside of cell membrane

Question 25

Holds cells together, contributes to structural support, provides info cues that determine cell activity

Answer 25

ECM

Question 26

Composition of ECM

Answer 26

-fluid (ECF) -proteins and carbohydrates in this fluid

Question 27

What is the extracellular fluid

Answer 27

Surrounds cell, ~33% of body's total water content (mostly water)

Question 28

What does the ECF contain

Answer 28

Mostly water, ions (mostly Na and Cl), nutrients (from blood vessels), wastes, hormones, ...

Question 29

Intracellular fluid (ICF) major cation :

Answer 29

Potassium and magnesium

Question 30

ECF major cation :

Answer 30

Sodium

Question 31

What helps anchor cells to their environment, coordinate behaviour of cells that compose same tissue and organ?

Answer 31

ECM

Question 32

What affects gene expression in nucleus-> prot synthesis-> cell function

Answer 32

ECM (occurs through physical/chemical communication pathways between ECM and cytoskeleton)

Question 33

What transmits signals between ECM/cytoskeleton -> integrate changes inside/outside cell

Answer 33

Integrins (proteins)

Question 34

By communicating w cell through integrins, ECM regulates

Answer 34

Cell's function, structure/behavior

Question 35

What physically separates inside and outside of cell

Answer 35

Plasma membrane

Question 36

What creates compartments within cell (organelles/vesicles)

Answer 36

Cell membrane

Question 37

Components of cell membranes

Answer 37

-Lipids (phospholipids/cholesterol) -proteins -carbohydrates (glycolipids/glycoproteins)

Question 38

What is physical barrier between ECM and cytoplasm

Answer 38

Plasma membrane

Question 39

The cell membrane is most permeable to

Answer 39

Small molecules (o2 co2 h2o) and hydrophobic lipid soluble substances

Question 40

Selectively permeable membrane acts as barrier to

Answer 40

Most hydrophilic substances -> pass under specific circumstances

Question 41

What might transport hydrophilic molecules if they're stopped from crossing the membrane

Answer 41

Membrane transport proteins

Question 42

PM contains protein receptors that

Answer 42

Communicate info into cell

Question 43

Glycolipids and glycoproteins are involved in

Answer 43

Cell to cell recognition and communication between cells and ECM to maintain homeostasis

Question 44

What allows separation between inside and outside cell in membranes

Answer 44

Hydrophobic interior of bilayer

Question 45

Membranes are fluid -> phospholipids can

Answer 45

Turn on axis or upside down, move lateral over surface of membrane

Question 46

Increasing nb of saturated FA will ____ membrane fluidity

Answer 46

Decrease

Question 47

Increasing nb if unsat FA will_____ membrane fluidity

Answer 47

Increase

Question 48

Cholesterol in membranes help

Answer 48

Maintain integrity of membranes (prevents phospholipids from moving apart too much and forming clumps

Question 49

What is necessary to : keeping things inside while transporting others across membrane, allowing cell to change shape and allow membrane molecules (proteins receptors, enzymes) to move laterally to have appropriate enviro to function)

Answer 49

Membrane fluidity

Question 50

Cell membrane proteins functions

Answer 50

1. Transport 2. Enzymatic activities 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell-cell recognition 5. Intercellular joining 6. Attachment to cytoskeleton/ECM

Question 51

6 functions of membrane proteins

Answer 51

1. Receptor 2. Enzyme 3. Channel 4. Gated channel 5. Cell-identity marker 6. Cell adhesion molecule